Reader’s guide
Acronyms
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AI |
Artificial intelligence |
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API |
Application programme interface |
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ASJC |
All Science and Journal Classification |
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BERD |
Business enterprise expenditure on research and development |
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CIS |
Community Innovation Survey |
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CPC |
Cooperative Patent Classification |
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DOI |
Digital object identifier |
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EF |
Extended footprint |
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EPO |
European Patent Office |
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EUIPO |
European Union Intellectual Property Office |
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EUR |
Euros |
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FDI |
Foreign direct investment |
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FTE |
Full-time equivalent |
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GAK |
General advancement of knowledge |
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GBARD |
Government budget allocations for R&D |
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GDP |
Gross domestic product |
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GERD |
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D |
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GVC |
Global value chain |
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HERD |
Higher education expenditure on R&D |
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ICIO |
Inter-Country Input-Output |
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ICT |
Information and communication technology |
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IoT |
Internet of Things |
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IP |
Intellectual property |
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IP5 |
Five IP Offices (EPO, JPO, KIPO, SIPO, USPTO) |
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IPC |
International Patent Classification |
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ISCED |
International Standard Classification of Education |
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ISCO |
International Standard Classification of Occupations |
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ISIC |
International Standard Industrial Classification |
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JPO |
Japan Patent Office |
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KBC |
Knowledge-based capital |
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KIPO |
Korean Intellectual Property Office |
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LFS |
Labour Force Survey |
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M2M |
Machine-to-machine |
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MFP |
Multi-factor productivity |
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NACE |
Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community (Nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la Communauté européenne) |
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NDD |
Neurodegenerative disease |
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NSE |
Natural sciences, engineering |
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OA |
Open access |
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oaDOI |
Open-access DOI |
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PPP |
Purchasing power parity |
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R&D |
Research and development |
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roaDOI |
Repository-based open-access DOI |
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SEO |
Socio-economic objective |
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S&T |
Science and technology |
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SIPO |
State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China |
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SME |
Small and medium-sized enterprise |
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SNA |
System of National Accounts |
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TiVA |
Trade in value added |
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USD |
United States dollar |
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USPTO |
United States Patent and Trademark Office |
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VC |
Venture capital |
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WIPO |
World Intellectual Property Organization |
Abbreviations
For most of the charts, this publication uses ISO codes for countries or economies.
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ARG |
Argentina |
ISL |
Iceland |
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AUS |
Australia |
ISR |
Israel |
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AUT |
Austria |
ITA |
Italy |
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BEL |
Belgium |
JPN |
Japan |
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BGR |
Bulgaria |
KHM |
Cambodia |
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BMU |
Bermuda |
KOR |
Korea |
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BRA |
Brazil |
LTU |
Lithuania |
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BRB |
Barbados |
LUX |
Luxembourg |
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CAN |
Canada |
LVA |
Latvia |
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CHE |
Switzerland |
MEX |
Mexico |
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CHL |
Chile |
MLT |
Malta |
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CHN |
People’s Republic of China |
MYS |
Malaysia |
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CRI |
Costa Rica |
NLD |
Netherlands |
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CYM |
Cayman Islands |
NOR |
Norway |
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CYP |
Cyprus |
NZL |
New Zealand |
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CZE |
Czech Republic |
PHL |
Philippines |
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DEU |
Germany |
POL |
Poland |
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DNK |
Denmark |
PRT |
Portugal |
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ESP |
Spain |
ROU |
Romania |
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EST |
Estonia |
RUS |
Russian Federation |
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FIN |
Finland |
SAU |
Saudi Arabia |
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FRA |
France |
SGP |
Singapore |
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GBR |
United Kingdom |
SVK |
Slovak Republic |
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GRC |
Greece |
SVN |
Slovenia |
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HKG |
Hong Kong, China |
SWE |
Sweden |
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HRV |
Croatia |
TUR |
Turkey |
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HUN |
Hungary |
TWN |
Chinese Taipei |
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IDN |
Indonesia |
USA |
United States |
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IND |
India |
VGB |
Virgin Islands (British) |
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IRL |
Ireland |
ZAF |
South Africa |
Country groupings
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ASEAN |
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. |
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BRICS |
Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa. |
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BRIICS |
Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa. |
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Euro Area |
Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Spain. |
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EU28 |
European Union |
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G7 |
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. |
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G20 |
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union. |
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NAFTA |
Canada, Mexico and the United States. |
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OECD |
Total OECD |
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ROW |
Rest of the world |
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WLD |
World |