2. Current practices of ICT public procurement in the Slovak Republic
This chapter presents the general characteristics of the public procurement system in the Slovak Republic and the National Digital Agenda of the Slovak Republic. It also presents the state of play in ICT procurement in the Slovak Republic: assessment of the current trends in ICT procurement based on e-procurement database, interviews with stakeholders, analysis of the financial and legal framework. It identifies the main bottlenecks in the current policy and regulatory framework as well as in the practice. It also summarises the efforts of the Slovak government to achieve efficiency in ICT expenditure. Finally, it compares the Slovak practices with other similar purchasing segments in other EU and OECD countries and presents agile approaches in public procurement.
2.1.1. General overview
With an area of approximately 49,000 km2 and a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has been noted to be one of the smallest amongst the European states that has been doing notably relatively well in regards to the overall developments of their economy. In the early 2000s, especially after the country’s accession to the European Union and NATO in 2004, and Slovakia’s membership into the OECD in 2000, the country experienced strong developments in exports and access to new external markets. This access to new networks and international partnerships accelerated the country’s economic growth and pushed the country to achieve new economic heights (OECD, 2019[1]). The power of pro-EU and globalisation coalitions for advancing economic strength was particularly proven within the Slovak Republic when the country achieved its highest economic growth at 10.8% in 2007 (WorldBank, 2020[2]). The economy was however heavily affected by the 2008-2009 global financial crisis and the 2011-2012 Eurozone crisis, when the Slovak Republic slowed down economically for a few years (NORDEA, 2020[3]).
2.1.2. Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Slovak Republic
More recently, the economy in the Slovak Republic has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the Slovak economy is expected to face the strongest economic downturn in its history. The containment measures along with surrounding uncertainty has led to an abrupt decline in economic activity, particularly in areas dependent on social interactions such as tourism and hospitality. Massive disruption in the global value chain due to concerns over worker’s safety led to temporary shutdown of major automotive production companies. This measure, coupled with the decline in car sales in the EU, a main export for Slovakia, has led to significant impacts on the Slovak economy. (OECD, 2020[4]).
Slovakia’s GDP dropped by 6.16% in 20201. The economic downturn was milder than originally expected, due to a stronger third quarter, a more moderate decline in household consumption and a faster resumption of exports (especially thanks to car manufacturers)2. Previous forecast expected even 7.2% decline based on trends seen in the second quarter, mainly due to the shortfall of foreign demand and the effect of social distancing measures. Despite the government’s efforts to stabilise employment the severe economic downturn is expected to reduce the number of available jobs by 88 000 and increase the unemployment rate to nearly 9%. The fast and severe onset of economic effects of the outbreak are associated with considerable uncertainty. The COVID-19 outbreak is expected to uncover risks in public finances. In 2019, general government deficit reached 1.3% of GDP, considerably above the balanced budget objective. In 2020, deficit increased to 8.4% of GDP and the gross public debt may exceed the level of 60% GDP as a result of the shortfall of tax revenues and the discretionary measures aimed at stabilise the economy (Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic, 2020[5]).
Economic indicators from the fourth quarter indicate that the impact of the second wave of the pandemic in the fourth quarter was much more subdued than in the 2020 spring wave. In the first half of 2020, the economy contracted less severely than in many other European countries thanks to more resilient private consumption. Economic activity rebounded rapidly in the third quarter, driven by very strong export growth as car production quickly recovered. Monthly data on retail sales and credit card purchases also indicate a pick-up in private consumption. While the rise in unemployment has been limited, working hours are still far below the pre-crisis level. High-frequency data suggest weakening activity since the recent tightening of lock-down measures (OECD, 2020[4]).
To help minimise the economic fallout that would result from COVID-19, the Slovak Republic announced several fiscal packages to mitigate the consequences on the country’s economy. Announced discretionary fiscal measures amount to around 4.4% of GDP in 2020. The Government has also introduced a number of measures to help mitigate the depth and length of the recession. In particular, the introduction of a short-time work scheme has been effective in preventing a surge in unemployment. The Government has decided to extend this temporary scheme until the end of 2020. Several other temporary policies have also been extended. For instance, the deferral of loan payments for households and the benefit for families with members in need of care were prolonged until the end of the state of national emergency. The government plans to continue fiscal support in 2021. The budget for 2021 foresees extra spending on healthcare, education and transport infrastructure to strengthen the recovery (OECD, 2020[4]).
According to the forecast of the Ministry of Finance, the recovery will continue and GDP growth will reach 3.3% in 2021. This forecast is based on the assumption that the restrictions in connection with the pandemic will remain at the current level during the first quarter and will subsequently gradually ease to the level of September 2020 until the third quarter. The economy could be supported by investments from the EU's Recovery and Resilience Plan. The pandemic will also negatively affect the economies of Slovakia’s trading partners, and foreign demand will be weaker during most of the year. On the other hand, growth may be helped by the release of the billion-dollar COVID reserve to boost the economy and, in the second half of the year, the country will be able to start drawing on the EU's Recovery and Resilience Plan. Overall, the dynamics of the economy will be weaker, especially in the first quarter, so job creation will be postponed until the end of the year. The result will be a slight decrease in employment in 2021 by 0.2%. The economy will gain momentum from 2022, mainly thanks to EU funds. The update of the forecast envisages the drawing of funds under the EU Recovery and Resilience Plan to the amount of 5.8 billion euro. They will support the economy until 2026.3
2.1.3. The main characteristics of the Slovak economy before COVID-19
Before the COVID-19 outbreak, the Slovak Republic experienced sustained and steady GDP growth since its integration into the EU in 2004, except for the financial crisis of 2008-2009 and the Eurozone crisis of 2011-2012. In recent years, the Slovak economy has returned to growth, fuelled by the return of internal and European demand. After a growth rate of 4% in 2018, the country’s economic growth slowed down to 2.3% in 2019 amid a weaker demand from European partners. Domestic demand – fuelled by a strong wage increases and record-low unemployment – was the main growth driver. The unemployment rate fell to historical lows in 2019 (5.8%).
The Slovak economy is benefitting from strong links with the world economy, especially with EU Members, and has been catching up with higher-income countries. Overall, Slovakia has a strong financial system and offers a production platform for the European automotive and electronic industries (OECD, 2019[1]). Slovakia’s most important manufacturing and industrial sector is the automotive industry, accounting for 44% of the country’s total industrial production. Slovakia belongs to the 20 biggest car producers in the world, producing more than one million cars per year.
Yet, not everyone has benefitted from growth. Structural problems that Slovakia faces are regional disparities, poor infrastructure, and an ageing population. This acceleration in growth in less than a decade has also manifested in trends relating to public investment. Representing slightly more than 17% of GDP, public expenditures channelled through public procurement in the Slovak Republic are way above the OECD average. In 2017, the share of government expenditures spent via public procurement was 34,4% compared to the OECD average of 29,1% (OECD, 2019[6]).
2.1.4. The role of EU funds in economic growth
Approximately two-thirds of public investment in Slovakia is financed through the EU Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds)4. Over the period of 2014-2020, the Slovak Republic, through 9 national programmes, benefitted from ESIF funding of EUR 15.3 billion.5 This represents an average of EUR 2 830 per person from the EU budget over the period 2014-2020.
The primary purpose of these funds is to reduce economic, social, and territorial disparities across EU regions. Slovakia has the greatest regional economic and social disparities of any EU Member State, notably in the Eastern region. Disbursements to Slovakia under the ESI Funds have been massive (equivalent to a total of 15% of GDP during 2014–2020), with the bulk of this occurring at the end of the cycle, placing large stresses on the country’s Public Investment Management and Public Financial Management systems. (International Monetary Fund - IMF, 2019[7]).
Out of these amounts, around EUR 823 400 000 financed ICT related investments during the 2014-2020 period, mainly using two funds, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (with EUR 796 400 0000) and European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) (with EUR 27 000 000) as Figure 2.1 shows.
Note: Data as of 28 November 2020.
Source: Open Data Portal for European Structural Investment Funds, https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/countries/SK
2.1.5. The role of ICT sector in the Slovak economy
The ICT sector plays an important role in the Slovak economy, employing more than 80 000 people and with a significant share of social, health and tax payments, as well as the growth of productivity. (ITAS, 2016[8]). There is a trend for employment growth in the ICT sector: the total number of employees in the sector grew by 60% between 2008 and 2020. ICT share on the total employment was 3.41% in 2019 and the ICT sector's contribution to Slovakia's GDP was 4.2%. (Table 2.1)
From 2018, additional tax deductions for R&D expenses of up to 100% were introduced in Slovakia6, making the country more appealing for ICT companies.
The ICT sector is highly specialised with a large number of small companies with one to three employees and a large number of self-employed on one side and some dominant companies on the other. The Slovak economy in general strongly depends on SMEs, not only in the ICT sector. SMEs dominate the Slovak economy, accounting for 99.9% of the total number of business entities.
Out of all challenges the ICT sector faces, the lack of IT experts is probably the most urgent. The sector lacks workforce even though the average wage of an ICT worker is high.7 Although salaries in the ICT sector are above the Slovak average, in comparison with the Western EU countries they remain significantly lower. Differences in salaries also occurs on the regional level in Slovakia allowing the investors to explore regions outside the main hubs (SARIO, 2021[9]).
The majority of IT services in Slovakia are composed of application support and other tailor-made services (such as helpdesk, network administration, cloud storage, remote support, etc.) followed by tailor-made software development and outsourcing. Slovakia is becoming a hub for Shared Services Centres in the field of ICT and financial services. This is important not only due to increased employment in jobs with above-average value added, but also as a potential of innovation development.
2.1.6. The way forward after the COVID-19 pandemic
The economic impacts of COVID-19 will define a new narrative for Slovakia’s economic development. It will be important that the country not only emphasises the importance of minimising economic losses for households and businesses, but also ensures that it manages its macro-financial development so that following the de-escalation of the economic impacts caused by COVID-19, the country can easily shift into a mode of economic recovery.
Going forward, EU funds will provide an opportunity to strengthen the growth potential of the economy and boost productivity and inclusiveness. In particular, room exists to invest in the lagging digital infrastructure to better prepare the country for the likely increase in demand for digital services that the COVID-19 crisis may bring.
Prior to the impacts caused by COVID-19, the Slovak Republic was noted as a country that was not only benefitting from strong links with the world economy, particularly among EU states, but was also catching up with economic development of higher-income countries (OECD, 2019[1]). Hence, moving forward, the Slovak Republic will have to not only consider how it can mitigate immediate impacts from COVID-19, but will also have to ensure it maintains a vision of how to remedy the structural economic gaps.
As the Slovak Republic looks towards its economic future, it will be important for the country to consider stimulants for innovation and entrepreneurship. A significant challenge affecting the economic development of the country is its dependence on the automobile and electronic industry for its development. As a result, other areas such as those relating to innovation, technological development, and research have largely gone unnoticed8 (OECD, 2019[1]). Therefore, by promoting investments into innovation, research and development, and the adoption of new technologies, the country could move into higher valued-added activities, as well as create demand for entrepreneurship.
In the context of public procurement policy, moving forward, the Slovak Republic should continue to promote an entrepreneurial and innovative environment within its economy and continue to evaluate how it can minimise administrative burdens and the slow pace of public procedures that impacts many new businesses (OECD, 2019[1]).
Digital technologies increasingly place new demands and expectations on the public sector. Achieving the full potential of these technologies is a key challenge for governmental organisations. Effective digital government can provide a wide variety of benefits including more efficiency and savings for both governments and businesses. It can also increase transparency and openness.
The Slovak Republic ranks 22nd out of the 28 EU Member States in the European Commission Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) 20209. Based on data prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Slovakia’s scores slightly increased thanks to the performance in connectivity, the use of internet services and digital public services. However, the majority of indicators have not improved sufficiently to keep pace with the EU average. As a result, Slovakia dropped in the ranking in the dimension of human capital and the use of internet services to the 20th position. The share of ICT specialists on total employment has increased and there are fewer Slovaks who have never used the internet. An increasing share of internet users make video calls and use online banking services. The eGovernment quality indicators are growing but remain below the EU average. (European Commission, 2020[10]).
Even with a higher score than in 2019, Slovakia has dropped to 26th position on digital public services position. The DESI digital public services dimension measures both the demand and supply sides of digital public services as well as open data. Only 52% of Slovak internet users who need to submit forms to public institutions do so online. This is less than in previous years, and significantly below the EU average (67%). Despite some improvement, Slovakia scores 21 percentage points less on pre-filled forms than the EU average. Improvement in the other monitored indicators is modest and overall the scores remain below the EU average. (European Commission, 2020[10])
According to the Supreme Audit Office, the use of national and EU funds to invest in digital public services has not led to a greater take-up by the public10. This could be due to low trust in digital government services, as 19% of Slovaks, compared to an EU average of 8%, are concerned about the security of digital public services and limit or avoid electronic communication with public authorities11. However, the government maintains its ambition and continues to roll out new features to make digital government more attractive. In 2019, Slovak government adopted a new Strategy for the digital transformation of Slovakia 2030.
The 2030 Strategy for Digital Transformation of Slovakia12 is a whole-of- -society and cross-sectorial government strategy that defines the strategic priorities of Slovakia in the context of the digital transformation of economy and society under the influence of innovative technologies and global megatrends of the digital era. The document lays down a long-term vision and aims to guide the economy, society and public administration through the technological change. Its goals are also to stimulate smart regional development and help researchers and innovators to keep pace with global trends.
The Strategy followed up on the priorities of the Digital Single Market Strategy for Europe13 and also reflects the strategic documents and recommendations of international organisations, such as OECD, UN, G7 and G20 that consider digital transformation to be the key to inclusive and sustainable growth. The Strategy puts emphasis on new digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, 5G technology, big data and analytical processing of data, block chain or high-performance computers, which will eventually become new engines of economic growth and competitiveness. The Strategy entails the introduction of a ‘data-driven state’ concept to improve the public administration’s use of data for analytical purposes. The strategy aims to reach its objectives through the related Action plans. The first one for the years 2019-2022, the Action Plan of Digital Transformation 2019-202214, divided the short-term priorities and measures into three subject areas:
The four main objectives in the Action Plan of Digital Transformation 2019-2022 are listed as follows:
To ensure the timely implementation of the Action Plan, the Slovak government has set up the “Working group for digital transformation of the Slovak Republic” which consists of representatives of the relevant line ministries and other public institutions as well as the professional public. The Working Group’s main task is to ensure whole-of-the-government co-operation for the implementation of the Action Plan. The working group also evaluates new technological trends and other relevant factors that might have an impact on the implementation of the Action Plan. The working group will regularly inform the Government Council for the Digitization of Public Administration and the Digital Single Market about its activities15.
To make the services more user-centric and attractive, the Government set up a unit of behavioural innovation (Behavioural Research and Innovation Slovakia, BRISK).16 The unit trains public servants and has developed principles for user-friendly and quality electronic public services which should be applied across the whole public administration (European Commission, 2020[10]).
The digitalisation of healthcare and the rollout of e-health services are also objectives of the National Digitalisation Strategy. Since its launch in 2018, the national e-health system has already registered over 100 million e-prescriptions17 and 75% of healthcare providers are connected. In 2020, the system has started rolling out a new e-lab service that will help doctors and laboratories exchange laboratory analyses.
However, stakeholders and NGOs are often critical about the digitalisation of public services and administration. Despite the government’s effort to improve the quality of public sector ICT and involve external specialists. The experts grouped in Slovensko.digital18 point out that digitalisation projects in public administration often lack thorough analysis, are not properly prepared, are too costly or do not reflect future technological developments.
The National Concept of eGovernment19, approved by the Slovak government in September 2016, defined the strategic Enterprise Architecture of eGovernment and its central co-ordination, and also the principles and objectives of further development in accordance with goals stated in the Strategic Document for Digital Growth and Next Generation Access Infrastructure. This document emphasises process openness, fair competition, and increase of the value of IT in key functions of public administration, whether in a form of the improved services, better decisions thanks to data, better regulation, or more efficient operation. The concept was built around a vision of an innovative and open state that provides citizens and businesses with user-friendly and easy-to-navigate services, and responds swiftly and effectively to the challenges of the dynamic modern era. Informatisation priorities were covering a wide range of areas. The work on the update of the National eGovernment Concept beyond 2020 is currently ongoing, following the 2030 Vision and Strategy for the Development of Slovakia and the 2030 Strategy for the Digital Transformation of Slovakia.
The Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure (OPII)20 2014-2020 is a strategic document developed for the absorption of EU funds in the transport sector and in the area of enhancing access to, use and quality of, information technologies. The overall focus of OPII’s specific objectives and activities are to ensure promotion of the fulfilment of the priorities of the Europe 2020 Strategy and National Reform Programme of Slovak Republic21. The overall objective of OPII is to support sustainable mobility, economic growth, job creation and to improve the business climate through the development of transport infrastructure, public transport and an information society. The Deputy Prime Minister’s Office for Investments and Informatisation of the Slovak Republic was responsible for the area of information society within the Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure. Other objectives of the operational programme were managed by the Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development to support sustainable mobility, economic growth, job creation and improving the business environment through the development of transport infrastructure. In the framework of the Operational Programme, the Deputy Prime Minister’s Office for Investments and Informatisation of the Slovak Republic acted as an intermediary body responsible for Priority Axis 7 Information Society. The funds were invested in the development of electronic services for citizens and businesses, arranging complex life events, cross-border interoperability and increasing the availability of government data through open data. At the same time, public administration reform was supported through ICT, including the further expansion of the government cloud.
Negotiations for the new ESIF programming period 2021–2027 began in early 2020. The Deputy Prime Minister’s Office for Investment and Informatisation proposed a follow-up strategy based on the current investments. The strategy had a stronger focus on reducing bureaucracy for businesses and citizens, and speeding up digital up-take with digital-by-default services. Moreover, it was used to support data driven governance, with more public sector data available, building the digital government structure as a platform based on open APIs. It will also increase the quality of public services thanks to continued feedback from the users.22
The Strategic Document for Digital Growth and Next Generation Access Infrastructure (2014-2020)23 defined a strategy for the development of digital services and next generation access infrastructure in Slovakia. It also focuses on the fulfilment of the ex-ante conditionalities by means of which the EU evaluated the readiness of Member States to implement investment priorities of their choice. The document particularly discussed the fulfilment of the two ex-ante conditionalities defined under thematic objective 2, “Enhancing access to and use and quality of information and communication technologies”. The Strategic document set out a strategy for the further development of digital infrastructure services and next generation networks in Slovakia for the 2014 - 2020 period. It also fulfilled the objectives set out in the Position Paper of the European Commission and implements measures in the Digital Agenda for Europe, building on the activities implemented under the Operational Programme Information Society from 2007 – 2013. The vision of further eGovernment development in Slovakia until 2020 includes actions to move towards a functioning information society and building of Smart Government. Information technologies will become inherent in people’s everyday life and an essential driver of Slovakia’s competitiveness.
The following eGovernment investment priorities were emphasised in the 2014-2020 period:
The document served as a ground for the preparation of the Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure (Priority Axis Information Society) for the 2014 – 2020 period.
2.3.1. Strategic and policy framework
The Concept of public procurement development in the Slovak Republic (2015)24 is the strategic document that identifies priorities and establishes a framework for the further development of the public procurement system in the Slovak Republic, with a special focus on ensuring transparency, efficiency and effectiveness of the public procurement system. The strategic document applies to the entire public procurement system, to all types of public procurement procedures and all types of contracts and subsequent contractual relationships, as well as all forms of the use of electronic tools in public procurement. The proposed measures cover the main critical areas of public procurement, such as, in particular, high bureaucracy, inefficiency in the use of public funds, insufficient security and protection of competition, with an emphasis on the interests of the state, non-transparency.
2.3.2. Legislative framework
In the Slovak Republic, public procurement is regulated by a number of laws and decrees. The most important piece of legislation is the Public Procurement Act No 343/2015 (Act No. 343/2015 Coll)25 that governs the public procurement system in the Slovak Republic. The latest amendment, that introduced some changes to reflect the needs of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, has been effective since 19 January 2021.26 The law is supplemented by implementing Regulations and methodical guidance. Some of the most important implementing decrees are the followings:
Decree No. 41/2019 Coll. of 11 February 201927 laying down details on technical and functional requirements for tools and equipment used for electronic communication in public procurement
Decree no. 132/2016 Coll. of 23 March 201628, which lays down the details of the procedure for the certification of systems for conducting an electronic auction
29Decree no. 152/2016 Coll. of 23 March 2016, which lays down the details of the notices used in public procurement and their content
Decree no. 155/2016 Coll. of 23 March 201630 laying down the details of the single European document and its content
Decree no. 428/2019 Coll. of 6 December 201931, which sets the financial limit for the over-limit contract, the financial limit for the over-limit concession and the financial limit for the design contest
Decree no. 157/2016 Coll. of 23 March 201632, which lays down the details of the types of design competitions in the field of architecture, spatial planning and civil engineering, the content of the competition conditions and the activities of the jury
The Public Procurement Act No 343/2015 and its implementing regulations are transposing the relevant European Union legislation on public procurement33. The Act, effective from 18 April 2016, introduced a number of changes and new elements in public procurement regulatory framework. The development and adoption of the 2015 Act was not only an EU law transposition exercise for the Slovak government, but it aimed to implement a bigger modernisation programme for streamlining public procurement processes. While the long-standing principles of transparency, non-discrimination, equal treatment and proportionality are still underpinning procurement operations, the focus on the value for money has increased in the 2015 law. The 2015 legislative framework also marks a shift towards a more strategic approach to public procurement. The Act was amended in 2019 with the aim of further promote green public procurement and to introduce actions against economic operators that abuse the review mechanism.
As Slovakia is a Member State of the European Union, the EU policy and regulatory framework on public procurement must be considered in the development of any rules (and policy) related to public procurement.
As it was briefly presented earlier in the report, a huge part of the public investments (including ICT projects) in the Slovak Republic are financed from European Union funds (ESIF). Public Procurement Act No 343/2015 also governs the procurement procedures carried out for the implementation of the ESIF projects. The fundamental difference lies in the specific control requirements by the relevant Managing Authority / Intermediate Body and the PPO at each procurement stage of ESIF projects.
In terms of procuring ICT goods and services, the general rules of the public procurement legislation apply; there are no special rules or provisions to follow.
2.3.3. Thresholds
There are three different types of thresholds and accordingly three different types of contract:
a) Above-threshold contracts: The highest thresholds are based on those34 set up by the European Union and applied throughout the EU. All contracts with a value that equals or exceeds the thresholds mentioned in Table 2.2 are to be advertised at the European level, in the Supplement to the Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU)35.
b) Below-threshold contracts: contracts with a value does not meet the thresholds mentioned in Table 2.2 but have a value of higher than the thresholds listed in Table 2.3. Below-threshold contracts are divided at national level according to several criteria. The procurement approach that needs to be followed depends on the type of contracting authority and the subject-matter of the contract. These tenders have to be published in the Slovak Official Journal (Official Journal of Public Contracts, “Vestník verejného obstarávania”)36 or in the Electronic Contracting System (EKS in Slovak)37:
EKS is a fully automated platform to procure generally available goods and services and is provided according to the §§ 109 – 111 of the Public Procurement Act. The biggest benefit of using the EKS is time related as the minimal time limit for bid submission is 72 working hours and the contract is automatically valid right after the deadline.
If EKS is not used, the contracting authority has to publish the tender in the Official Journal of Public Contracts and run procedure in accordance with §§ 112 – 116 of the Public Procurement Act. (Contracting authorities can choose this option also for the generally available goods and services). In these types of tenders, most of the principles of the above the threshold tenders have to be applied, including the obligation to use an electronic tool (state system EVO or the systems provided by private companies).
c) Low value contract: all contracts with lower totals than below-threshold contracts, but with a value of 5 000 euros or above. The contracting authorities may use the “market survey” method by either sending a demand for offer directly to at least one potential contractor or they can decide to use EKS. It is not necessary to publish a tender notice in the Official Journal, on the other hand, in order to increase transparency of low-value contracts, since 1 April 2019 it is possible to announce low value contracts in the Official Journal in the form of a notice (this functionality was added to IS ÚVO).
Table 2.4 presents the thresholds for design contest. Design contests refer to procedures that enable the contracting authority to acquire a plan or design, which should be selected by an independent jury after having been put out to competition, with or without the award of prizes. Design contests have been traditionally used for designing works in the fields of town planning, architecture, engineering and data processing, but this procedure is suitable also for other types of projects, and has relevance for the purchasing category subject to this report. Design contests may be organised in view of awarding prizes (with payments) or service contracts by means of a follow-up negotiated procedure without publication of a contract notice. The innovation potential of design contests lies in the fact that the public procurer provides the participants with a significant room to manoeuvre in proposing the best solution for the needs described in the contest notice. The evaluation of the design proposals is performed by an autonomous jury composed of members that are independent from the participants. The particular advantage of design contests lies in the fact that the jury may provide a professional and autonomous evaluation of criteria such as user-friendliness, suitability, ergonomics, and artistic, reputational or innovative character.
2.3.4. Strategic use of public procurement in the Slovak Republic
In general, the public procurement legislation in Slovakia provides a framework allowing for a more strategic approach to public procurement. While opportunities to leverage on public procurement purchasing power have increased, Slovak contracting authorities still do not benefit from the strategic use of public procurement. For example, they mostly rely on lowest price criteria to award public contracts. The vast majority of procurement officials in Slovakia have never used MEAT criteria, or only rarely, when developing tenders. (OECD, 2017[11]) This one-dimensional criterion prevents contracting authorities from pursuing, through public procurement, broader policy objectives and accounting for other dimensions when purchasing goods, works or services. Further, the limited use of criteria which take into account additional dimensions beyond price also prevent the public sector to seek innovative solutions, although this could be provided by the market.
However, according to the EU Single Market Scoreboard39, Slovakia is not the only country in the EU where the use of price-only criteria prevails. Figure 2.2 shows the proportion of procedures awarded solely because the offer was the cheapest one available. While the choice of criteria depends on what is being purchased, over-reliance on price suggests better criteria could have been applied, so a better purchase could have been made.
Source: EU Single Market Scoreboard,
The Slovak government, and especially the Public Procurement Office, is making efforts to promote and support the use of public procurement as a strategic governance tool. For example, the PPO issued a methodological document “Innovation in Public Procurement” in 2017. (Public Procurement Office, 2017[12]) In addition, as a part of the long-term strategy of the Public Procurement Office, working groups40 were created for certain aspects of strategic public procurement, such as green public procurement, social aspects and innovations in public procurement with the purpose of analysing selected issues of public procurement and issue or update methodological guidance on the topics. (Public Procurement Office, n.d.[13]). PPO also developed and published in February 2021 the Strategy for Social Aspects in Public Procurement in Slovakia 2021 - 202541, which is a long-term plan identifying needs, tools and ways to address social considerations in public procurement.
PPO is also co-operating with OECD on promoting the wider use of MEAT criteria in Slovakia through the project on “Responsible public procurement”. In March 2020, the PPO launched another project, “Increasing efficiency in public procurement in Slovakia (implemented under the Operational Program Effective Public Administration supported by the European Social Fund) with the aim of harmonising the decision-making practices of the PPO, promoting transparency and identifying potential conflicts of interest, and motivating public buyers to use sustainable and strategic public procurement (such as green public procurement, socially responsible public procurement and public procurement of innovation)42.
In 2019, the overall public procurement performance in the Slovak Republic was average according to the EU Single Market Scoreboard.43 The Scoreboard measures performance based on the extent to which purchasers get good value for money. Overall performance is a sum of scores for all 12 individual indicators44. The indicators measure important influences on public procurement performance in a way that is transparent, readily comprehensible and comparable. Although these indicators provide only a simplified picture, they still highlight basic aspects of countries’ procurement markets. Out of the twelve indicators, the Slovak Republic scores unsatisfactory on five indicators. These are: single bidder, co-operative procurement, award criteria, decision speed and missing calls for bids. These indicators could confirm the slow uptake of strategic considerations when carrying out procurement processes, but also raise concerns on the level of competition and transparency.
Although the EU 2020 European Semester report acknowledged the efforts the Slovak government had made so far to simplify public procurement and in particular verification procedures, it also highlighted the insufficiency of the steps taken so far. It stressed that the complexity and length of the public procurement verification procedures remains a blocking factor for potential beneficiaries to draw EU funds. Further efforts to amend the Slovak Public Procurement Act to streamline control procedures of EU funded projects are needed.45
2.4.1. Public procurement in the Slovak Republic as numbers show – general overview
Public procurement expenditure in the Slovak Republic represents 34.4% of total government expenditure (OECD, 2019[6]).
Over a third of all procurements were financed through European Structural and Investment Funds. While almost 90% of procurements were awarded to a company that is categorised as a small and medium size enterprise (SME), lowest price was the single criteria used to award contracts nearly 90% of the time in 2018. (Figure 2.2) This number confirms the findings from interviews with different stakeholders that contracting authorities are often wary of applying most economically advantageous tender (MEAT) criteria to tenders financed through European funds, as they fear that applying such strategic criteria will be perceived as discriminating against other suppliers.
Source: Author’s elaboration based on data provided by the PPO.
The data in Table 2.5 provides an overarching view of the total procurement statistics and public spend in the Slovak Republic. It intends to provide a general picture and therefore it is not specific to the procurement of ICT goods and services.
As Figure 2.4 demonstrates, the procurement of works has significantly decreased between 2016 and 2018. However, the procurement of services, which is primarily the category of spend where ICT falls, did not decrease. Goods procurement decreased between 2016 and 2017, but increased significantly in 2018.
The public procurement system in the Slovak Republic is relatively centralised in a sense that the central government procurement accounts for 65-70% of total procurement expenditure (excluding social security funds) as shows from the recent years. Specific contracts are handled by individual contracting authorities, whilst others are required to purchase generally available goods, services or works from the Ministry of the Interior (MoI), which acts as a central purchasing body. (For further details, see Section 2.6)
In terms of type of procedures used, data shows the following:
Open procedure was overwhelmingly the most commonly used procurement method in the Slovak Republic in both 2017 and 2018, with over 80% of contracts awarded using this method during both years. In 2019, it was only 71.8%.
Negotiated procedure without prior publication was the second most used method in 2017, in approximately 9.5% of contract awards.
Restricted procedure was the second most used method in 2018, in approximately 11.3% contract awards.
Innovative partnerships were not used at all in 2017, 2018 or in 2019. (Table 2.6.)
The analysis below include an assessment on the overall CPV code values and percentages generated, and of the sub-set of IT services, as this was such a large percentage of the total overall spend. Table 2.7 outlines the main ICT spend categories, divided by type of entity, for the period of 18 April 2016 until by 31 October 2019.
As provided by the PPO, the data that is analysed in the following sections was extracted from the national e-procurement system, using CPV codes pertaining to ICT hardware, software and services46.
2.5.1. An area of public spending concentrated in few hands operating in silos
Spend analysis for ICT procurement spend by category and entity
As Table 2.7 shows IT services is the largest spend area, across all levels of government, equalling EUR 719,411,192.92. The biggest spend areas under this sub-heading of IT services are (all over EUR 20 million total):
The biggest spenders in the highest spend area are shown by Table 2.8. The Ministry of Finance (Ministerstvo financií Slovenskej republiky) proved to be the highest spender and has purchased the most IT services, in comparison with all other agencies. (The Report gives more detailed analysis about the big spenders in this category in session 2.6. The main stakeholders in ICT procurement in Slovakia.)
Contracts funded by the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF)
As already presented in the Report, approximately two-thirds of public investment in Slovakia is financed through the EU Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds). Out of this, around EUR 823 400 000 financed ICT related investments during the 2014-2020 period.
There are 112 contracts funded by the ESIF, totalling 20% of total contracts. Of these 112 contracts, 63 are related to the provision of IT services. This represents 21% of total IT services procured using ESI funding. This includes for example:
Joint public procurement
The data indicates that very little joint ICT procurement takes place. In total, there were only 12 instances of a joint procurement occurring: three for software related services, two for system and support services, and one each for software support services, software maintenance and repair services, maintenance of information technology software, database services, website design services, mobile-telephone services, and computer equipment and supplies.
2.5.2. Current procurement strategies limit competition
Use of electronic auction
An electronic auction (e-auction) is a process that allows for the submission of new prices (revised downwards) and/or the submission of new elements of tenders electronically, in both cases after an initial full evaluation of tenders has been undertaken. E-auctions occur at the final stage of a tender process, which has been conducted up to that point in accordance with one of the standard procurement procedures – the open procedure, restricted procedure and negotiated procedure with negotiation, or in a mini-competition run under a framework agreement and in dynamic purchasing systems. E-auctions involve an online electronic system that allows economic operators to submit new, downward-revised prices and/or other revisions to elements of their tenders for a particular contract. An e-auction is conducted in real time, and economic operators are in direct, anonymous competition with other economic operators. E-auctions can only be used when the specifications can be established with sufficient precision. Only the elements of a tender that are suitable for evaluation using electronic means alone may be the subject of an e-auction. (SIGMA, 2016[14])
Of the total CPV codes provided, approximately 40%, both in terms of number of contracts and contractual value, were awarded by the use of an electronic auction. In the field of IT services, only 15% were awarded via e-auction. The data does not state what medium was used when e-auction was not the mode of choice.
Subdivision into lots
A common tool that is often used to support SMEs in public procurement is the subdivision of large contracts into lots. One of the main choices in public procurement is to determine whether the works, goods or services that are the subject matter of the procurement are to be acquired by using one contract or by using a number of separate contracts or “lots”, which may be awarded and performed by different economic operators (SIGMA, 2016[15]). While the use of a single contract can promote savings from economies of scale, the diversity resulting from multiple contracts or lots can enhance competition and increase efficiency. Dividing public contracts into lots is a good way to attract small and innovative companies. The size of each lot can reflect the operational capacities of start-ups and innovative SMEs. In principle, under the EU Public Procurement Directives as well as the Slovak public procurement rules, contracting authorities are expected to divide all public contracts into lots47. In practice, they have to find the right balance between facilitating the participation of smaller innovative suppliers by using lots and minimising their own administrative burden by contracting with a single contractor who will take care of all tasks.
In Slovakia, 16% of contracts were subdivided into lots between 2016 and 2019. Within the specific dataset of IT services, just 6% were sub-divided during the same period (Table 2.9). The meetings with different stakeholders confirmed that dividing contracts into lots is a common issue for contracting authorities, and they apply this tool quite rarely.
A potential explanation of this lack of subdivision of contracts in IT is the phenomenon known as vendor lock-in. Vendor lock-in refers to a situation where the cost and/or feasibility of switching to a different vendor is so high that the customer is essentially stuck with the original vendor. Because of financial pressures, an insufficient workforce, or the need to avoid interruptions to business operations, the contracting authority is "locked in" to what may be an inferior product or service (Armbrust, 2010[17]). This is particularly relevant in the field of ICT, where contracting authorities are dependent (i.e. locked-in) on a single technology provider and cannot easily move in the future to a different vendor without substantial costs, legal constraints, or technical incompatibilities. Additionally, a significant number of ICT systems cannot easily be migrated to other ICT platforms, resulting in contracting authorities becoming vulnerable to any changes made by their providers.
During stakeholder interviews with both the private and public sector, vendor lock-in was comprehensively identified as the primary issue facing IT procurement in Slovakia. With the primary supplier locked-in to an IT contract, this results in it becoming increasingly more difficult to subdivide a contract into lots, with many smaller suppliers unable to ensure their systems are compatible with the primary IT system.
Level of competition: number of submitted tenders
Research indicates that as well as leading to better outcomes for the procurement activity of contracting authorities, a high number of bids increases competition, as well as having a broader impact on economic productivity (OECD, 2015[18]). Contracting authorities benefit from choosing between different providers and so does the economy as a whole. The number of submitted tenders is often indicative of the level of competition existing in a certain sector. As demonstrated by Figure 2.6, the average number of submitted tenders per concluded contract is much higher for the total procurement dataset, compared with contracts in IT services. The average number of bidders per procedure for the total procurement dataset was 3.6 in 2017 and 3.1 in 2018. Per concluded IT service-related contract, the average number of submitted tenders was 1.9 between 2016 and 2019. This is consistent with the anecdotal evidence gathered during the fact-finding missions, where suppliers and supplier associations feel that due to the vendor lock-in problem the ICT industry in Slovakia faces, placing a bid on a tender rarely leads to success due to the incompatibility of the systems.
The 2030 Strategy for Digital Transformation of Slovakia48 identifies this low level of bids (and therefore competition) as a risk area Slovakia faces. Therefore in the future vision it is stated that such digital transformation should provide entrepreneurs in Slovakia with “regulations adapted to the digital era that will support fair economic competition, fix problems of digital monopolies and support innovative business mode” (2019[19]). This is where a standards- and assurance-based approach to ICT investment decision making at the pre-procurement stage is critical, to minimise the risk of vendor or technology lock-in. In the United Kingdom, the Technology Code of Practice49 is used to help government teams introduce or update technology so that it: (1) meets user needs, based on research with their users; (2) is easier to share across government; (3) is easy to maintain; (4) scales for future use; (5) is less dependent on single third-party suppliers; and (6) provides better value for money. Having a team that focuses on this, will help transform Slovakia's ICT procurement.
Table 2.10 identifies the average number of submitted tenders per concluded contract on a year by year basis (2016 to 2019). Already, it is apparent that for IT services, the number of submitted tenders has increased since 2018, from 1.1 to 2 bids per concluded tender. There is, however, room for significant improvement.
Increasing competition, particularly in the field of ICT, is vital for a functioning public procurement system and is a well-known tool for reducing public spending or increasing value from public procurement activities. During interviews with stakeholders, many indicated that very little market consultation for ICT tenders takes place in Slovakia. Often, a tender is simply published directly into the national journal without any prior indication from contracting authorities. Early exchanges with suppliers may maximise participation in the tender procedure, allowing potential bidders the time to prepare their offers.
According to the 2015 OECD Recommendation on Public Procurement “adherents should engage in transparent and regular dialogues with suppliers and business associations to present public procurement objectives and to assure a correct understanding of markets” (Principle on participation, paragraph VI) (OECD, 2015[18]). A good understanding of markets is essential if contracting authorities are to develop more realistic and effective tender specifications and provide vendors with a better understanding of the public sector’s needs. Engaging suppliers at different stages of the procurement process also helps reduce the information asymmetry between the market and the procuring entity.
Structured early engagement with potential suppliers would help the Slovakian contracting authorities to learn more about the market possibilities, as well as giving the opportunity for the business sector to get information on the opportunities in the public sector. Thorough market investigation would provide the contracting authorities with a greater understanding of the structure and appetite of the supply side, which might result in enhanced competition in the call for tender phase.
2.5.3. Types of procedures used
Open procedures
Open procedures are used for 42% of the overall ICT spend, and in 50% of tenders for IT services. Interestingly, in the field of overall ICT spend; restricted procedure is used in 19% of procurements, compared with only 1% within the specific field of IT services. In contrast, the second most used procedure is direct negotiation (not taking into account the below limit contracts). Competitive dialogue is not used in any circumstance. (Table 2.11.)
Restricted procedures
Interestingly, within the specific subset of IT services, restricted procedures were used in only 1% of procurements, compared with 4% in the total subset (total procurement and not overall ICT spend) (Figure 2.7).
Competitive dialogue
Competitive dialogue, a key agile procurement procedure, was not utilised at all in any of the three cases. Competitive dialogue is a public-sector tendering option that allows bidders to develop alternative proposals in response to a client's outline requirements. Only when their proposals are developed to sufficient detail, are tenderers invited to submit competitive bids.
Contracting authorities interviewed during the fact-finding mission indicated that there was a lack of guidance on how to use the competitive dialogue procedure in practices, and feared incorrectly applying it to their procurements. The PPO has recently published an educational material on Negotiated Procedure with Publication and Competitive Dialogue50 that might be inspirational for the contracting authorities to experiment with this type of procedure.
Direct negotiation procedure
In direct negotiation of contracts, or sole source contracting, only one contractor is involved, and that contractor, along with the officials representing government, negotiates the terms and conditions of the contract. This method is applicable when there are few potential bidders, when there are few, or only one, qualified contractors, when a monopoly situation exists, or when one contractor has the specialised skills required to fulfil the contract requirements.
For IT services, the second most utilised procedure was direct negotiation, used in 18% of cases. This compared to just 3% in the total procurement dataset.
The aforementioned vendor lock-in problem that is limiting contracts being subdivided into lots is also a possible explanation for the high usage of direct negotiation procedure. When a supplier has previously provided an IT service to a contracting authority, the authority is conceivably more likely to utilise direct negotiation procedure to contract again with the same supplier for a related IT contract or even for a new IT contract.
Open procedure, year on year
In an open procedure, any business may submit a tender. The minimum time limit for submission of tenders is 35 days from the publication date of the contract notice. If a prior information notice was published, this time limit can be reduced to 15 days. The use of an open procedure, in both the total procurement dataset and the IT services subset, vary substantially between 2016 and 2019.
For IT services, open procedures were used in just 12% of cases in 2016, growing by 44% to 56% in 2019. The total procurement subset is more stable, growing just 11% between 2016 and 2019 (Figure 2.8). The significant growth between 2016 and 2017 in IT services could be attributed to the utilisation of EU funds from the Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure 2016-2020, which allocated almost 1 billion EUR towards ICT projects. Since the procurement process takes some time, the bump did not happen in 2016, but a year later, when the first procurement processes were finished.
The 2015 Recommendation on Public Procurement calls on “Adherents to ensure an adequate degree of transparency of the public procurement system in all stages of the procurement cycle” (Principle on transparency, paragraph II). The Recommendation contains guiding principles for countries to promote fair and equitable treatment for potential suppliers by providing an adequate and timely degree of transparency in each phase of the public procurement cycle. The principles take into account the legitimate needs for protection of trade secrets and proprietary information and other privacy concerns, as well as the need to avoid information that can be used by interested suppliers to distort competition in the procurement process (OECD, 2015[18]).
The further use of open procedures within ICT procurement might give a range of different suppliers the ability to compete for opportunities to participate in government contracts, and to improve the perception of accessibility of public procurement procedures. Open and inclusive competition builds trust between citizens and governments, and promotes a transparent and accountable government. Open government also supports a level playing field for businesses, and this contributes to economic development. Transparency is widely regarded as an effective tool for fighting corruption.
Increased competition creates a market environment that fosters innovation and diffusion of new technologies, and makes businesses more productive and competitive both domestically and when competing overseas. Contracting authorities also benefit from choosing between different providers, and so does the economy as a whole. Their ability to choose forces firms to compete with one another.
2.5.4. Public buyers are not capitalising on the benefits of available procurement techniques
Contract award criteria
Using both the percentage of contracts and the percentage of spend, it is apparent from the data that the Most Economically Advantageous Tender (MEAT) criteria are not commonly used in Slovakia, both in terms of percentage of contracts and percentage of contract value. The MEAT criterion enables the contracting authorities to take account of criteria that reflect qualitative, technical, and sustainable aspects of the tender bids as well as price to award the contract. The MEAT criteria are based on costs and encompass other aspects using a ‘best price-quality ratio’ (e.g. quality of product, organisation, qualification and experience of the supplier, delivery time and conditions, etc.). Tender documents available to bidders typically define award criteria, including how they are combined and the relative weight allocated. Percentage or points systems for evaluation criteria can include environmental and social factors, i.e. complementary policy objectives.
As demonstrated for the total procurement dataset in Table 2.12, only 13% of contracts use MEAT criteria. Despite this low percentage, this is almost 10% higher when compared with the IT services subset, where MEAT criteria are utilised in only 4% of contracts. During the interviews, contracting authorities indicated that the qualification of experts/consultants is the most commonly utilised MEAT criteria, as it is a criterion that actually has a comparable and certified standard.
When looking at a year upon year analysis (Figure 2.9), it is apparent that from 2016 to 2019 there is consistently little use of MEAT criteria. For the total procurement dataset, while MEAT criteria are used in 21% of contracts, this decreases to just 10% in 2019.
This consistent lack of use of MEAT criteria in IT services can be anecdotally linked to testimonies given by contracting authorities during the fact-finding missions. These authorities emphasised that they are extremely cautious of using award criteria beyond price, in the fear that the MEAT criteria signals that they are indeed giving preference to a certain supplier.
While both the European Union Directives and the 2015 Public Procurement Act in Slovakia feasibly enable contracting authorities to use criteria that reflect qualitative, technical and sustainable aspects of the tender as well as price when reaching an award decision, there currently exists little guidance on how MEAT criteria can be compared and accredited (European Commission, 2014[20]) (Public Procurement Office, 2015[21]).
Using MEAT criteria is particularly important for ICT procurements. Beyond costs, a wide range of factors may influence the value of a tender for the contracting authority, and this includes environmental, social and ethical aspects. But even in terms of costs, not only the pure acquisition costs are (should be) considered: other types of costs need to be included in the evaluation. In this regard, the use of life cycle costing (LCC) as a method for assessing tender costs can be also part of the MEAT approach. Contracting authorities may select to include costs imputed to externalities in this calculation. The externalities that can be imputed under LCC can refer to societal challenges such as environment but can also refer to other types of external costs such as the lack of interoperability. Interoperability removes the costs associated with linking to incompatible systems. Additionally, other non-monetary aspects can be considered in a MEAT concept as part of tender evaluation, such as training and customer service offered, response time for helpdesk services, extended maintenance for software, improved energy consumption, just to name a few.
Providing supportive measures to help contracting authorities navigate the complex strategic procurement frameworks in their daily work, including MEAT criteria is important in all public procurement systems. A range of training courses should target different levels of sophistication in using MEAT criteria successfully, from introductory courses to implementing complex evaluation criteria and conducting supplier due diligence. These efforts can be supported through broader use of implementation tools and templates.
The 2015 OECD Recommendation on Public Procurement states, “Adherents should implement sound technical processes to satisfy customer needs efficiently”, including through “identifying appropriate award criteria” (Principle on efficiency, paragraph VII). Award criteria must be objective, relevant to the subject matter of the contract, and precisely defined in the tender/solicitation documents (OECD, 2015[18]).
In order to ensure that contracting authorities are able to implement such sound processes through their award criteria, contracting authorities in the Slovak Republic should be supported by MEAT-related guidance, relevant to the procurement of ICT products and services. This guidance should build on the points and percentages system and on the model of the most economically advantageous tender (MEAT) to select bidders and award points according to complementary policy objectives.
Use of framework agreements
The use of framework agreements is not uncommon for ICT purchasing in Slovakia. For the total dataset, framework agreements represent approximately 42% of the contractual value. For IT services, approximately 24% of purchasing is done via a framework agreement. (Table 2.13.)
In terms of combatting this issue of specific IT suppliers dominating public procurement opportunities in Slovakia, this could be a causation of the types of procedures used to procure ICT products and services in Slovakia. As demonstrated, open procedures are used in 55% of tenders for IT services, and in 73% of cases in the total procurement dataset.
The aim of the stakeholder mapping exercise is to identify stakeholders involved in this purchasing category and to understand their roles and business processes in place. It also aims to assess the alignment of the current ICT procurement business processes against objectives defined in the Slovak digital agenda. The stakeholder mapping intends to give a complete picture of the relevant stakeholders for this purchasing category, including the main suppliers and service providers. It also aims to clarify whether ICT purchasing are organised in a centralised or decentralised environment.
The stakeholder mapping is based on desk research and face-to-face meetings with the relevant authorities and other players, for better understanding their needs, priorities and their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the current rules and practices.
Stakeholders playing key role in this purchasing category are the following:
2.6.1. Public Procurement Office – Úrad pre verejné obstarávanie (PPO or UVO)
The Public Procurement Office (PPO; UVO) is the central body responsible for public procurement covering a wide range of responsibilities from drafting of procurement legislation, to implementing policy, overseeing procurement, carrying out training, managing e-procurement functions as well as managing objections related to tendering procedures, acting as the first instance review body.
The PPO acts as the central State administration authority for public procurement, and controls whether public procurement procedures are in compliance with the law as well as monitors the application of the PPL and accompanying legislation, collects, analyses and publishes statistical information.
The PPO is exercising ex-ante review of public procurement documents. The PPO’s role includes the execution of ex-ante controls for the ESIF projects. It is collaborating with the EU on the management of the structural funds and with respect to compliance with the respective EU Directives and Regulations.
For ESIF-funded projects, the PPO controls public procurement procedures, especially during the tender phase before signing of the contract, whose estimated value is above 600 000 EUR.
One of the main activities of PPO is to issue methodological guidelines based on the requests from the participants of the public procurement process (including not only contracting authorities, but also tenderers, candidates and law firms). In 2019, there were totally 449 for methodological guidelines, 15 individual general methodological guidelines, and 2 explanatory statements issued by the PPO (Public Procurement Office (PPO), 2020[22]).
The PPO is also responsible for providing trainings specifically dedicated to public procurement for contracting authorities and suppliers (also in co-operation with other institutions such as the Institute for Public Administration of the Ministry of Interior). For example, in September 2019, the PPO published a handbook on recurrent errors identified in its control activity or recently the PPO has prepared an educational material on Negotiated Procedure with Publication and Competitive Dialogue51. In 2019, in terms of capacity building of the public procurement actors, the PPO’s main focus was the different regions in Slovakia. Training activities were carried out in close cooperation with the Association of Cities and Municipalities of Slovakia, the Union of Slovak Cities, and the SK8 - Association of Self-governing Regions52. The topics of the trainings were contemporary issues of public procurement, e.g. IS EVO, socially responsible public procurement, low-value contracts, co-operation between more procuring authorities, purchase of food, and others (Public Procurement Office (PPO), 2020[22]).
The PPO also manages the national e-Procurement platform (Information System of Electronic Public Procurement, IS EVO) and is responsible for carrying out additional developments to meet changing needs of contracting authorities. IS EVO is the central system for conducting tender procedures for all types of goods, services and works of any value. The IS EVO supports various stages of the procurement lifecycle, including: entry of request for procurement, publishing of the call for tenders, submission of tenders by bidders (economic operators), evaluation of tenders, contract award. All types of procurement procedures are supported: open, restricted, negotiated procedure with publication, Dynamic Purchasing System, qualification system. Likewise, all types of evaluation methods are supported: e-Tendering, e-Auction, based on lowest price or the most economically advantageous tender (MEAT).
The PPO represents the Slovak Republic externally, working in specialised working commissions of the European Union and has active cooperation with foreign partner institutions.
In 2019, the PPO established the Department for Regional Offices. The main aim of these regional offices is to provide support to local contracting authorities on the application of the public procurement framework. At the time of the report writing, there are already 6 offices that are operating such as offices in Trnava, Nitra, Trenčín, Žilina, Prešov, and Banská Bystrica. The medium-term plan is to open similar offices in each capital city of self-governing unit in the Slovak Republic.53
Special role in terms of ICT procurement
The PPO does not have any special role in ICT procurement. It exercises all those functions in terms of ICT procurement that in terms of every other purchasing category.
The PPO participates in the Working Group on Public Procurement for Informatisation of Public Sector led by the Deputy Prime Minister’s Office. (See further information about it later.)
2.6.2. Ministry of Interior (MoI)
The Ministry of Interior (MoI) acts as the central purchasing body (CPB) for commonly available goods, services and works. As a CPB, it conducts procurement on behalf of the contracting authorities under their responsibility mandatorily for certain product categories. The contracting authorities are then obliged to buy such products from the CPB. The contracting authorities can ask the CPB to conduct a procurement on behalf of them even for items not in the “mandatory” list. The contracting authorities are obliged to use the CPB activities for above-the-thresholds contracts for the cases described in Sections 13 and 15 of the PPA.
The MoI operates an online platform, the EKS (Electronic Contracting System), which includes functions such as an e-market, dynamic purchasing system, and statistical data tracking system. The EKS Management Team of MoI plays a significant role in the Slovak Republic’s public procurement system by managing the one of the two national e-Procurement systems.
The MoI also carries out activities related to professionalization, such as trainings or conferences on the use of the online platform.
Special role in terms of ICT Procurement
The Ministry of Interior has set up framework agreements and dynamic purchasing systems for different IT products and services (such for IT hardware or printer cartridges), that are open for other ministries as well.
The MoI participates in the Working Group on Public Procurement for Informatisation of Public Sector led by the Deputy Prime Minister’s Office. (See further information about it later.)
The Ministry of Interior is a partner to the iProcureNet Online Platform (iPOP)54 which is a network of institutions and a community of experts from practitioners’ organisations, industry and academia, policy makers or engaged citizens – involved or interested in the procurement of security innovation, and wanting to connect, be informed, engage and collaborate with other stakeholders.
2.6.3. Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation of the Slovak Republic (former Office of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic for Investments and Informatisation)
The Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation55 is in charge of developing whole-of-the-government policy in the field of the use of European Union funds, digitalisation of society and in the field of investments. The Ministry was established in July 2020 as it was transformed from the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic for Investments and Informatisation. The main tasks of the Ministry include participation in creation and implementation of the uniform state policy in the field of the use of European Union funds, as well as informatisation of the society, and investment. As part of its powers, the Ministry performs tasks concerning management, coordination and supervision of the use of European Union funds in the area of informatisation of the society, as well as in the field of investments.
The former Office of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic for Investments and Informatisation was in charge of the area of information society within the Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure (OPII) during the Programming Period 2014-2020. It also acted as an intermediary body responsible for Priority Axis 7 Information Society under OPII. The funds were invested in the development of electronic services for citizens and businesses, arranging complex life events, cross-border interoperability and increasing the availability of government data through open data. At the same time, public administration reform was supported through ICT, including the further expansion of the government cloud. The ESIF’s amount of EUR 0.8 billion is allocated for Slovakia to support the implementation of digital technologies in the 2014-2020 programming period through the OP Integrated Infrastructure and Rural Development Programme.
In relation to the European Union funds, the Ministry acts as the Central Co-ordinating Body as well as coordinating and ensuring the preparation and implementation of the main strategic and programming documents of the Slovak Republic in the area of Cohesion Policy of the European Union (including the Partnership Agreement). It also co-ordinates the preparation of national positions on legislative proposals of the European Union for cohesion policy.
The Ministry is the main policymaker for information society and single digital market policy-making, it ensures the central management of informatisation in Slovakia. It develops and implements national strategies for the single digital market and digital transformation, including measures to improve the performance of the Slovak Republic in the key international indicators. It co-ordinates the implementation of the EU’s Digital Strategy, as well as innovative and disruptive technologies. As the managing authority it performs management tasks in administration of information technologies of the public administration and determines the central architecture of the integrated information system of the public administration.
The Ministry prepares, co-ordinates and implements the directly managed programmes of the European Union in the field of information society and digital connectivity.
It has an important co-ordination role in the development of policies and measures to mitigate the negative impact of technologies and digitalisation on society.
It decides on the use of the public funds in the public administration for information technologies and the central architecture of the integrated information system of the public administration.
As the administrator, it ensures the administration, operation and development of the Govnet network and electronic interconnections of the central bodies of the state administration through Govnet. As the administrator, it provides for the administration, operation and development of the Central Public Administration Portal, common modules and other information systems within its competence.
It co-ordinates the development of information technologies of the public administration at the national and international level.
It maintains the central register of eGovernance components, central reference architecture, the catalogue of cloud services, central register of performed guaranteed conversion, a list of the reference data, a list of basic code numbers and the central data model.
The Ministry is the Central Co-ordination Body (CCB) for monitoring and evaluation of the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF). It coordinates and guides the Managing Authorities (MA) for operational programs (OP) in terms of methodology in the area of monitoring and evaluation when implementing the ESIF at the OP level. It monitors and evaluates the state of the ESIF support implementation as well as identifies, monitors, and analyses the risks related to the ESIF support implementation.
Special role in terms of ICT Procurement:
The Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation has three different roles in terms of ICT procurements:
carrying out ex-ante controls for public procurement procedures that are not financed by EU funds, especially procurement in less developed areas
leading the Working Group on Public Procurement and ICT Contracting56. In May 2019, the working group (included several relevant stakeholders such as PPO, ITAS, Slovensko.Digital, Slovak Society for Informatics, Anti-monopoly Office and selected representatives of central state administration bodies who have expressed interest in membership in the working group) developed a Methodological Document about ICT procurement, covering the most important issues in ICT procurement in the Slovak Republic, and providing methodological advice to contracting authorities on several challenges, such as preventing vendor lock-in and terminating unbalanced contracts. The document was developed with the aim of unifying the approach on IT procurement across public institutions and specifically focused on software procurements and service contracts (SLA) for existing software, as the most critical areas identified in IT procurement. Topics covered in the document include vendor lock-in, dividing contracts into lots, preliminary market analysis, common availability of goods and services on the market, selection criteria (a tool helping procuring entities to determine whether the procured goods/ services are commonly available), design contest for procuring software as well as IP rights57.
2.6.4. Government Office
The main responsibilities of the Government Office of the Slovak Republic include reviewing the performance and implementation of tasks within the state administration as well as of tasks resulting from government resolutions, ensuring action is taken on petitions and complaints, co-ordinating the performance of tasks for the development of the information society, and co-ordinating the implementation of policies of the European Communities and the European Union.
The Implementation Unit (IU) within the Government Office was responsible for the review and evaluation of spending goals defined by the Ministry of Finance, consisting mostly of Value for Money (VfM) spending reviews. It co-operates closely with the ministries in this regard, preparing the implementation plan for them and continuously reviewing implementation over three years. The IU was moved under the Ministry of Finance in December 2020.
The Institute for Strategy and Analysis (ISA) provides analytical support for economic and social policies of the Prime Minister’s and Governments’ Office in line with economic policy objectives and strategic priorities of the Government programme, including the European Union’s cohesion policy. The Institute co-operates closely with other analytical units of central state administration bodies for the development of strategy documents. ISA conducts research on topics like regional policy, innovation, health policy, education, and the impacts of EU funds allocation. Recently, ISA has become the Secretariat for the National Productivity Board and has been charged with preparing the annual report on productivity and competitiveness of the Slovak economy.
2.6.5. Ministry of Finance
The Ministry of Finance is responsible for managing the national fiscal framework, including: the national budget, taxes and fees, customs, financial control, internal audit and government audit. In 2015, it established the Value for Money Division, which aims to promote evidence-based policy making and efficiency within the public sector by conducting spending reviews, assessing planned investment projects and linking the spending review to the budgetary process. A specific type of spending review is the assessment of public investments over EUR 40 million, or EUR 10 million in the IT areas, before the start of the investment related public procurement process and preparation of ad hoc analyses.58 Today it has 25 employees, of which 19 are analytical staff.
In 2020, the Value for Money Initiative has conducted a second spending review on Informatisation (the public spending in the IT sector). The first spend review was conducted in 2016. The 2020 spend review identified that the results of Slovak informatisation are improving, but the potential for digitising public administration is not fully exploited. In addition, rising expenditures on state IT increase the pressure on the efficiency of informatisation. From the point of view of strategic goals, according to the Value for Money Initiative, the priority is to strengthen internal capacities and focus not only on new projects, but also on efficient IT operation. Among the technical priorities, this is better data management and exchange and the use of central common modules. In terms of savings, in the medium term, IT expenditures can be reduced by 48-95 million euros without affecting the quality of supported business services. This result could be achieved after introduction of analytical monitoring of IT expenses and managerial responsibility for their amount. These can be further achieved through improved purchase of licenses, telecommunications services and more effective use of the government cloud.
The Final Report identifies measures for improving processes and recommendations allowing for a more efficient evaluation and management of state IT. It states that Slovakia needs to centralise the responsibilities for the national IT investments/digitalisation, develop a clear informatisation strategy and equip it with a project pipeline. The internal resources to manage public service IT projects are not satisfactory: the state spent two-thirds of the funds it had allocated for OP IS project management on external suppliers instead of using its own employees. Externally managed projects were corrected twice as often as internally managed projects. The Report therefore recommended using EU funds to build internal IT resources for project management and design rather than outsourcing. (Value for Money Division, Ministry of Finance, Slovakia, 2020[23]).
One of the recommendations of the report was the centralisation of procurement of support IT services such as telecommunication, connectivity and licences. The Report highlights that “following the model of shared services centres, all state organisations should be provided with a set of standardised IT operation services. Shared services centres are a common practice in IT services in both the commercial sector and the public sector (e.g. Canada, USA, and the European Union). They provide their clients with services starting from IT infrastructure to user support or administration of support application. The economic logic of shared services centres is the specialisation and economies of scale. Slovak public IT, so far, do not have a single organisation providing support services, although selected services are provided to several institutions (e.g. DataCentre, government cloud) or purchases are coordinated (licences). Basic services, such as contracts for telephone and data services or purchase and servicing of common computer equipment, are purchased by each institution separately. The expenditure review recommends consolidation of IT support services into a single organization so that common commodified IT services, such as telecommunication services and connectivity, software licences, technical support or basic software solutions, such as e-mail have been provided to other state institutions on a central basis. In the first step, the expenditure review recommends centralization and optimization of provided telecommunication services, connectivity and licences.”
The report sets up a series of recommendations for the government, such as
develop binding cloud migration strategy linked with IT budgets
make procurement of Microsoft license products more efficient
update information on all IT systems in public administration
cost-benefit analysis of all future IT projects over EUR 10m
analyse the utilisation and procurement of software licences (Microsoft, Oracle, SAP)
The Value for Money Division has developed a Methodology on Developing and analysing business cases.
As the OECD spend review showed, the Ministry of Finance proved to be the biggest spender for the ICT purchasing category. The spending review conducted by the Value for Money initiative came to the same conclusion. Together with the Ministry of the Interior and their subordinate organisations, their expenditures accounted for 45% of the total expenditure of the central state IT administration.
2.6.6. Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Justice administers the Register of Public Sector Partners (RPVS)59, a public sector information system that contains the data on public sector partners. The main purpose of the registry and the law behind it is to assist the Government in its fight against illegal activities of “ghost companies” that receive public funds for money laundering and terrorism financing. The government is not allowed to transfer public funds to those who are not registered in the RPVS. (The registering authority is the District Court of Žilina.) A public sector partner is defined as a natural person, and/or a legal entity that receives public funds (public recourses) from the state and local government as well as other public sector entities. Therefore, those who conclude a contract with the public sector as a result of a public procurement procedures as well as their subcontractors are required to register in the RPVS in case the amount exceeds the respective financial thresholds: (i) more than EUR 100 000 for a single payment of public funds, or (ii) more than EUR 250 000 per year in case of multiple payments.
The Public Procurement Act also stipulates that the contracting authority may not enter into a contract, concession contract or framework agreement with a tenderer or tenderers who are required to register in the RPVS but have not been registered yet, in accordance with the Law on the Register of Public Sector.60 The obligation to register arises before the signing of the contract. Since 1 September 2019, RPVS also applies to all European funds, with the only exception being the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund.
2.6.7. Contracting Authorities (Buyers)
In 2020, 514 new contracting entities registered in IS ‘UVO.
In 2019, 359 new contracting entities registered in IS ‘UVO, which is 15% less than in 2018.
In 2018, 423 new contracting authorities registered in the system.
2.6.8. Economic Operators
In 2018, there were 3 124 economic operators registered in the List of economic operators (ZHS) which is a decrease of 30% compared to 2017. Among these economic operators were 221 foreign economic operators from the countries of the European Union, Kazakhstan, Serbia, and China61.
In 2019, the number of registered economic operators in the ZHS was a total of 3042, which is 2.7% less than in 2018. Out of this number, 188 foreign economic operators were registered from the countries of the European Union, Canada, the Kingdom of Norway and China People's Republic.62
Registration in the EVO IS allows economic operators to submit offers electronically for those contracts that are implemented through this system. Almost all tenders are submitted by companies resident in the EU, with only 6% being submitted by a non-EU member for both the total overall and IT services.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
The Slovak economy is strongly dependent on SMEs and they are quite active in the public procurement system. SMEs dominate the Slovak economy, accounting for 99.9% of the total number of business entities. They provide employment in the business economy – nearly three-quarters (74%) of the active labour force – and account for more than half (55%) of the added value created in 2019. Micro-enterprises employing less than 10 employees make up 96.9% of small and medium-sized enterprises. More than three-quarters of small and medium sized enterprises are active in sectors such as business services, trade, construction and industry (Slovak Business Agency, 2020[24]). As aforementioned, while the number of bids submitted for an IT service contract is low, approximately 40% of these bids are submitted by SMEs (Figure 2.10).
This is consistent with the use of SMEs in other OECD countries. Bigger businesses often employ personnel specialised in preparation of tenders, whereas SMEs often struggle in meeting some of the tender requirements. Among the common obstacles are, for example, obtaining the necessary certifications (such as ISO for quality management etc.). While smaller businesses may be able to deliver the subject-matter in required quality, meeting such certifications and standards limits their agility.
While the percentage of the number of bids submitted by SMEs is consistently below 50%, on average between 2016 and 2019, 69% of contracts for IT services were won by an SME, compared with 77% for the total procurement data set (Figure 2.11). The data indicates that when an SME does bid on an IT tender, the SME has a significant chance of success.
This is a credible result of the transposition of the EU directive on public procurement of 2014 into the Slovak Republic public procurement system in order to facilitate SME access. For example, PPO organises workshops and training for contracting authorities, and one of the topics they cover is facilitating SME access to public procurement, and contracting authorities are instructed to split contracts into smaller lots when possible. It is also a topic of discussion for the Coordination Committee for Cooperation in Public Procurement, which includes all managing authorities involved in the European Structural and Investment Funds in Slovakia (OECD, 2018[25]). In May and June 2020, in accordance with the economic importance of SMEs and the pandemic situation related to COVID-19, PPO has prepared and issued two complex documents to assist SMEs better participation in the public procurement market:
What do you need to know about doing business with the state?
How to doing business with SMEs.63
The document entitled "What do you need to know about doing business with the state?" aims to provide a complex presentation of possibilities, individual legal institutes of the public procurement process and at the same time, to provide the SMEs with a guideline in order to help them improve and strengthen their position in the public procurement process. This comprehensive document provides answers to the basic questions of how to do business with the state and seeks to motivate SMEs to participate in public procurement and thus contribute to the widest possible competition.
The second document entitled "How to doing business with SMEs" focuses on awarding authorities (contracting authority, subsidised person, contracting entity), and encourages them to use all legal opportunities provided by the PPA (such as preliminary market consultations, dividing contracts into lots setting relevant selection criteria) to both facilitate SMEs' access to the public procurement market and increase their participation in public procurement.
Top IT suppliers
Since 2014, 829 IT suppliers have distributed approximately EUR 2.4 billion in 7,696 public contracts (Uvostat, 2019[26]). As established in Table 2.14., five IT-based suppliers have won 776 contracts, totalling 583,689,118.00 EUR of spend. In essence, these five suppliers represent 24% of the total public spend on IT since 2014.
Reliance on these five businesses can be correlated to the lack of pre-market consultation currently occurring in Slovakia. Most state purchases related to ICT are prepared without open and transparent communication with the market. As a result, in previous three years there were only 26 cases of pre-market consultation recorded in the Journal of Public Procurement (to date 17.9.2018), while none was used in relation to ICT services.
2.6.9. Business Associations
Information Technology Association of Slovakia (ITAS)64
ITAS is a professional association of domestic and foreign companies operating in the field of information and communication technologies. It was founded in 1999 and represents more than 100 companies from Slovak private IT/ICT sector. ITAS member companies employ almost 30 000 people.
ITAS, as a professional association, forms, communicates and asserts professional standpoints on relevant regulations and legislative standards which affect ICT industry. ITAS represent ICT companies in negotiations with pubic institutions such as the Ministry of Investment Regional Development and Informatisation, PPO, the Value for Money Unit, National Security Authority, the Operational Programme Integrated Infrastructure (OPII) Managing Authority in the Ministry of Economy, Association of Towns and Communities of Slovakia, Union of Towns and Cities of Slovakia and all ministries and their subordinate organisations. It represents ICT companies in negotiations with non-profit organisations (Slovensko.Digital, Slovak Information Society, Partnerships for Prosperity and others).
ITAS is also active in the field of public procurement and developed several methodological documents in this area. It supports its members and the public sector with issues which frequently occur in ICT procurements, such as vendor lock-in or intellectual property rights. ITAS is a great advocate for increasing the transparency of public procurement from the perspective of suppliers and for adhering to ethical standards in the business of the IT companies with the state.
ITAS represents Slovakia in DigitalEurope65, Europe‘s largest association of IT companies and associations. (DigitalEurope’s membership represents over 35,000 businesses who operate and invest in Europe. It includes 77 corporations, as well as 40 national trade associations from across Europe.) ITAS co-operates with Business.Europe66 and Business at OECD67.
Slovensko.Digital
Slovensko.Digital is a civic association focusing on increasing the quality of digital public services in Slovakia. Slovensko.Digital promotes ethical business behaviour in the IT sector. It strives to increase the transparency and efficiency of public spending and the participation of professionals/experts in the digitalisation of the public administration. The association was established in 2016. It mobilised a large community of IT experts on the platform Slovakia.Digital and it participated in the preparation of the Návody.Digital portal.
Slovensko.Digital offers the possibility of co-operation between professional IT experts and the lay-man in an effort to improve the Slovak IT sector and the digital transformation of the Slovak society, economy and public administration.
Slovensko.Digital and the PPO signed a memorandum of co-operation in 2018. Slovensko.Digital also participates in the Working Group on Public Procurement for Informatisation of Public Sector led by the Ministry of Investment.
DEUS Association
The DEUS Association is the data centre for the Informatisation of the local self-governments of Slovakia. Its priority is to promote electronic communication between the different levels of government and the citizens. The association has developed and administers the electronic systems of the self-governing cities and villages. It co-operates with suppliers who deliver these systems to the cities and villages. The association was founded as an association of legal persons in July 2011. Founding members were the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic and the Association of Towns and Municipalities (Združenie miest a obcí Slovenska, ZMOS)68.
The DEUS Association manages the DCOM IS (Municipal Data Centre)69 which is a data centre for municipalities and towns and is available for smaller municipalities and towns, providing centralised, cloud-based electronic services. With the introduction of the obligation for municipalities to exercise public power electronically from 1 November 2017, the importance of the central solution by DCOM IS has increased significantly. Joining DCOM IS is voluntary for the municipalities.
The project of building DCOM IS is co-financed by EU Structural Funds within the Operational Programme Informatisation of Society (OPIS). The aim of the project is to build specialised Municipal Data Centre. It includes infrastructure and software essential for providing e-services by local governments to their citizens. The Data Centre offers software solutions in a way of “Software as a Service” (“SaaS”) to the local governments. These solutions enable municipal governments to develop services without needing to build them individually, thereby avoiding duplication of effort and reducing demand for specialised skills.
There are 138 services available for the Public in the project. From January 2016, 138 electronic services provided by the municipality became available. These include the payment of local taxes, filing a tax return for real estate tax, fees for municipal waste and various others. The services are available online 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.70
The goal of the project is not to create new information systems of municipal offices (ISO) but to choose good suppliers who can increase the offer of the applications of the Data Centre. The Information system of the MDC (IS MDC) is integrated with other modules of the Central Government Portal (CGP), registers and other Information systems of the public administration. The project also includes the delivery of necessary IT technologies for city halls and municipal offices and as well its service and maintenance.
The National Concept of Public Administration Informatisation, approved by the Slovak Government in 2016, defined DEUS as a partner for the Government cloud, which plans to expand the number of municipalities involved in the project "Migration of IS municipalities to Government cloud – DCOM IS second stage”. In December 2017, Value for Money Unit reviewed the project investment of DCOM IS with issued recommendation that the Unit expects the project to achieve sufficient economic value return. It also expected occurrence of small risks that could negatively affect project’s economic return.71
2.6.10. Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic – Protimonopolný úrad Slovenskej republiky, PMÚ SR
The Antimonopoly Office is an independent central body within the State administration for the protection of competition and state aid co-ordination. The Office intervenes in the cases of cartels, the abuse of a higher position, vertical agreements; it controls mergers and assesses whether the conduct of state and local administration authorities restrict competition. In terms of public procurement, the Antimonopoly Office is the main oversight institution for the competitive elements of the public procurement system. Its main responsibilities include investigating bid rigging and cartels.
Within its competition advocacy role, it also promotes competition and draws attention to the harmfulness of anti-competitive practices in public procurements. Within its general investigation role, the Antimonopoly Office deals with several possible agreements restricting competition in public procurement. Over the last few years, the Office has received many complaints relating to the practice of agreements restricting competition. Many of them came from state administration authorities in connection with the control of public procurements financed by ESIF. For this reason, the Anti-Monopoly Office is intensively co-operating with state authorities in the field of public procurement control.
In 2018, the Anti-Monopoly Office concluded a co-operation agreement with the PPO and also with the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister for Investment and Informatisation. Co-operation includes the exchange of information and knowledge, the submission of complaints and referrals of matters, but also expert meetings, consultations, training activities, as well as the preparation of statements and legislation changes aimed at streamlining law enforcement. Cartel agreements in public procurements are the Office´s priority, since the existence of these agreements circumvents the purpose and the aim of public procurements. The co-operation between tender participants may occur in various forms, for example as agreements on price, contract allocation or other forms of co-ordination, agreements on non-submitting bids or contracts rotation72. Over the last few years, the Office received a large number of complaints concerning unlawful cartel agreements.
The Anti-Monopoly Office exercises all these mandates and roles in terms of ICT procurement rather than any other procurements. In recent years there were no particular decision made in relation to anti-competitive behaviours in the field of ICT procurement.
The Anti-Monopoly Office also participates in the Working Group on Public Procurement for Informatisation of Public Sector led by the Ministry of Investment. They pay special attention to IP rights as it might restrict competition, to the issues of splitting contracts into lots, and especially their impacts on contract implementation. They see several issues in ICT procurement in the Slovak procurement system, such as the huge volatility in the volume of ICT procurements due to the programming period of the European Union funds or the lack of standardisation and certification for information technology systems. The structure of the ICT market in Slovakia can be characterised by a huge number of small (or even micro) companies and many IT experts who work as freelancers. The ICT investments in the public sector are usually big in terms of value and scope, therefore the small IT companies are not able or equipped to compete for them.
2.6.11. Supreme Audit Office (NKU)
The Supreme Audit Office (Najvyšší kontrolný úrad, NKU) functions as the primary external control body. The NKU primarily determines whether central, regional and local bodies manage the State property and resources entrusted to them in an effective and cost-efficient manner, and in accordance with the law. Its audits cover public procurement procedures as well, and if needed it issues recommendations to the PPO/UVO for the further development of the public procurement system. NKU has not conducted recently carried out any audits that cover specifically the practice or systems of ICT public procurement.
ICT procurement face several challenges throughout OECD countries as it was briefly summarised in Chapter 1. Most of the challenges identified in the Slovak Republic are similar to these challenges. Some of them are not specific to ICT procurement but rather highlight systematic problems in the wider public procurement system as previous collaboration between OECD and the Slovak Republic shows.73
OECD met with several stakeholders during the fact-finding missions and received feedback on the challenges, shortcomings of the current systems and practice for ICT procurement in Slovakia. Positive examples were also presented as well as recommendations for the way forward.
Main findings and consistent messages received from all stakeholders during the fact finding missions can be summarised as follows:
2.7.1. Challenges
Challenges of ICT public procurement from the contracting authorities’ perspective
There is a lack of professional knowledge and lack of expertise on the side of public purchasers (within government organisations) in terms of ICT project management, business case development or contract negotiation, resulting in the lack of uptake of innovative and agile practices in public procurement. Contracting authorities usually lack the in-house expertise to define and design the proper technical documentation, therefore they hire external consultants for the preparation of the tender documentations, and however, these consultants are not usually involved in the implementation of the contract.
Individual contracting authorities’ decisions focus on agency-specific solutions rather than whole-of-government solutions, increasing risk of duplication. One of the reasons for this is that contracting authorities are not supported by a clear, whole-of-government ICT procurement strategy and thus they have limited guidance on how to align their ICT spending to meet the Government’s digital transformation agenda. Also co-ordination between different government institutions that have any role and mandate in this specific area (developing and implementing the national digital agenda, ICT procurements) is not sufficient and efficient. Co-operation between different levels of government (central government level and the municipalities) is also missing, or at least insufficient.
For now, public procurement is not seen as a strategic tool to achieve strategic priorities, but rather an operational tool for purchasing goods and services at the lowest possible price. The use of MEAT is exceptional. Even in that few cases where MEAT criteria is used, contracting authorities establish the criteria linked to the quality of experts beyond the price related criteria; no other quality criteria is considered. (This problem is a general issue related to the whole public procurement practice in the Republic of Slovakia and not specific to ICT procurement.)
Although the regulatory framework would allow it, contracting authorities do not have the confidence and capability to take new approaches to ICT procurement, including engaging industry in mutually beneficial strategic partnerships. In terms of the regulatory framework, a huge challenge for contracting authorities is the frequency of legal changes (the Slovak public procurement law was changed almost 40 times from 2006, including six changes in 2015 alone). Another legislation connected challenge is the growth in the volume of legislation74.
Contracting authorities have a tendency to prioritise the safe option over the most fit-for-purpose option, favour the status quo over new and innovative solutions and take a controls-based approach to managing security risk. Risk-averse behaviour can be experienced in several other aspects, such as contracting authorities being afraid of using more innovative and agile approaches, especially because of the legal compliance-oriented strict controls and the fear of legal challenges. Open procedure is used almost exclusively; other types of procedures, such as competitive dialogue, innovation partnership or design contest that might better serve the specific needs of the tender procedure are not considered. Contracting authorities would greatly benefit from further guidance on how to use these different approaches. (The use of open procedure is not in and of itself an issue as this can also support innovative and agile approaches providing the contracting authorities understand what is possible. The issue is one of rigidity and lack of capability in understanding what is possible via all the options available.)
The most common problem is linked to the preparation/planning of tenders: contracting authorities do not allocate enough time for the pre-tender activities, such as a proper needs assessment or preliminary market engagement. However this problem is not specific to ICT procurements, rather a general problem in the Slovakian public procurement practice.
Another common problem in the field of ICT procurements is linked to experts not only on the side of the contracting authorities, but also on how to define the needed expertise and the corresponding requirements in the tender documentation (e.g. in most of the cases it is hard to describe the work-load, or define how many experts are needed).
The time period for the delivery of procurement / the lifecycle of the project is often longer than the political cycle, which results in projects being cancelled or technical specifications changed mid-project. It is much harder to use agile methods when there is a lack of assurance that the project will have continued political support.
Sometimes the contracting authorities struggle to define whether the subject matter of the contract is considered as good or a service (which might have implication on the applicable threshold or on certain requirements).
The definition of thresholds in general seems to be an issue, being considered very complex by stakeholders.
The size of the market significantly limits competition (this is a foundational economic challenge).
Vendor lock-in continues to be the biggest issue facing ICT procurement in Slovakia and it was mentioned by every stakeholder during the fact finding missions (even if there are existing good practices on how to solve and prevent this problem).
There is a big fluctuation of workforce in IT companies, staff members do not stay for long periods at the same company, and there is also a significant brain drain of IT experts from Slovakia to other countries, resulting in lost institutional memory on the side of the contractor/supplier.
Challenges of ICT public procurement from the suppliers’ perspective
As heard repeatedly from different stakeholders, in general, the supplier side considers government ICT projects too big, lengthy, risky and complex. They also shared the opinion that in the past, public organisations had independently developed systems which often did not communicate easily with one another. In more detail, they highlighted the following main challenges:
The volatility of the government’s ICT purchasing demand (defined by the programming period of the ESFI funds as most of the ICT projects are financed by EU funds) is hard for the business sector in terms of business planning.
Contracting authorities have a tendency to gravitate towards a “big procurement“ approach for ICT procurements where agencies select a large prime contractor to manage projects and engage sub-contractors, mainly because risks are perceived to be lower in situations where large main contractors are used. However, where sub-contractors are engaged under the main contractor, the risk profile can be similar to those where contracts are made directly with SMEs. The big procurement approach might also have unintended consequences such as higher prices where two large agencies procure for the same skills and services at a similar time.
Contracting authorities often view ICT as simply a cost to be contained, rather than an investment to boost productivity and improve services.
Contracting authorities have a tendency to develop very detailed technical specifications, not leaving room for innovation or new solutions.
From the business perspective, it seems that most of the staff at public organisation lack the proper knowledge on open sources, and that is the main reason why they do not develop tender documentation accordingly.
An emerging issue in ICT procurement (and in other purchasing categories) is that contracting authorities require excessive qualification requirements for personal and past experience (e.g. huge number of experts that is not justified by the scope or size of the contract).
The different time periods (election period for example, the EU structural funds programming periods etc.) also lead to inconsistency of projects and lack of stability for suppliers.
It is really difficult to follow up with the frequent changes of the public procurement policy and regulatory framework; furthermore the government’s strategic priorities are not always communicated clearly.
Contracting authorities are not regularly using early market engagement and preliminary discussions with the market, therefore the market has limited knowledge about future procurements.
From the business perspective, doing new things is not actively encouraged or discouraged, but instead is rarely even considered in the public sector. Instead, procurement officers seek paths to simplify procurement below thresholds to increase speed and limit complexity.
2.7.2. Strengths, good practices
Both the public sector and the supplier side provided positive feedback and highlighted the strengths of their current systems and practice:
There was consensus that the Slovak regulatory framework on public procurement does not formally prevent contracting authorities from applying innovative and agile approaches in public procurement. The rules are flexible in-principle, and with some encouragement and methodological support, most contracting authorities would be open for the greater uptake of strategic and innovative approaches. Some stakeholders added that the legal framework on public procurement is fair, but there are more restrictive and cumbersome administrative procedures specific to the ESIF projects, linked closely with the extended control system.
Stakeholders involved in the work of the Working group on public procurement and ICT contracting led by the Deputy Prime Minister’s Office evaluated unanimously positively the work of the working group and highlighted the importance of similar co-ordination efforts.
Some contracting authorities mentioned that they already have some positive experience with market engagement, preliminary market analysis, and some of them reported positive outcomes: increased market analysis led to more bids in their procedure. Another positive element that some of them highlighted is the fact that the preliminary market consultation resulted in fewer reviews (complaints) against the tender notice and documentation, or in other words contributed to increased quality of the tender documentation.
The feedback on the operation of the EKS operated by the Ministry of Interior and its Electronic Marketplace was overall positive from contracting authorities. The evaluation was that the Electronic Marketplace is operating well, and the experience with the few dynamic purchasing systems (DPS) the Ministry of Interior set up (e.g. for IT hardware or printer cartridges) is also positive.
Contradictory information was collected about the practice of dividing contracts into smaller parts (lots). However, several stakeholders reported that it is working well in practice at the moment: the legal framework gives enough guidance and flexibility for splitting contracts into lots and contracting authorities are using this tool quite often. (Other stakeholders were not that positive about the practical application of this tool.)
Business sector representatives mentioned that the market would be willing to make things differently as long as the public sector is consistent and clear about its agenda (e.g. communicates it properly in its digital or procurement strategies and policy frameworks).
There are a number of areas where government ICT procurement practices could be improved, and where the currently limited collaboration between government and industry to develop ICT solutions can be strengthened.
Stakeholders are ready to understand the current challenges, learn from other countries’ examples and co-operate with each other to improve the practices.
Discussions during the fact-finding missions also confirmed that contracting authorities, and in general all interested stakeholders, are becoming more open for the use of quality criteria and life-cycle costing in public procurement and they would be interested in using more agile and innovative approaches if and when they receive more support and encouragement from the Government, the Public Procurement Office and other relevant institutions.
Agile approaches and innovative solutions are still perceived riskier and slower than “traditional” procurements. Doing new things implies the necessary learning and permission to experiment by iteratively testing new approaches, however, the time constraints and demands made on procurement officials undermine the willingness to use any agile and innovative approaches that may slow down a process, even if it means better results. This applies not only to the use of methods besides open procedure, but also to testing out different methodologies. This also applies to taking full advantage of the pre-procurement stage to iterate, adapt and experiment, engage the market, engage service users in co-design, which should actually reduce the procurement timescales to the minimum required to complete a compliant and robust process.
Similarly to other countries in the region, the Slovak administrative tradition and culture is characterised in general by the dominant role of law and legalism. Compliance seems to be more important than performance.75 As a result, the Slovak procurement system is based heavily on the respect of law. The exact provisions of the Public Procurement Act and its implementing decrees are seen to grant permission to conduct certain activities; without a specific provision in the regulatory framework, these activities would be considered difficult to implement. The challenge is that agile methods may also undermine the entire process, potentially resulting in the need to restart the entire activity. In the end, challenges and rulings that cause delays are considered failures within the procurement community. These issues, combined with other pressures within the system, create a risk-averse environment that focuses on speed over value and broader outcome. There is also little thought about the specific outcomes or social value for money and positive social impact that procurement is supposed to achieve.
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[13] Public Procurement Office (n.d.), Working Group on Strategic Procurement, https://www.uvo.gov.sk/legislativametodika-dohlad/zodpovedne-verejne-obstaravanie-5c8.html (accessed on 17 December 2020).
[22] Public Procurement Office (PPO) (2020), ACTIVITY REPORT OF THE OFFICE FOR PUBLIC PROCUREMENT FOR THE YEAR 2019, https://www.uvo.gov.sk/introduction-of-the-office-for-public-procurement-/activity-report-of-the-office-46b.html.
[9] SARIO (2021), “Information & Communications Technology Sector in SLOVAKIA”, https://sario.sk/sites/default/files/sario-ict-2021-02-05.pdf.
[15] SIGMA (2016), “Division of Contracts into Lots: Policy Brief”, http://www.sigmaweb.org/publications/Public-Procurement-Policy-Brief-36-200117.pdf.
[14] SIGMA (2016), E-Procurement, Public Procurement Policy Brief 17, OECD Publishing, http://www.sigmaweb.org/publications/Public-Procurement-Policy-Brief-17-200117.pdf.
[24] Slovak Business Agency (2020), “Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Numbers, 2019”, http://monitoringmsp.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/MSP_v_cislach_2019.pdf.
[26] Uvostat (2019), Kto s kým v štátnych IT súťažiach, https://www.uvostat.sk/blog/kto-s-kym-v-statnych-it-sutaziach.
[23] Value for Money Division, Ministry of Finance, Slovakia (2020), “Final Report: Spending Review for IT”, https://www.mfsr.sk/en/finance/value-money/spend/spending-reviews.html.
[2] WorldBank (2020), GDP growth (annual %) - Slovak Republic | Data.
Notes
← 1. Data published by the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic on 21 April 2021. http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/nu1049rs/v_nu1049rs_00_00_00_en
← 2. Minutes of the 54th meeting of the Committee for Macroeconomic Forecasts (February 2021) https://www.mfsr.sk/sk/media/tlacove-spravy/makroekonomicka-prognoza-je-lepsia-ako-ocakavalo.html
← 3. Statement of the Ministry of Finance, https://www.mfsr.sk/sk/media/tlacove-spravy/ekonomika-stupne-tento-rok-33.html
← 4. The European structural and investment funds are: European regional development fund (ERDF), European social fund (ESF), Cohesion fund (CF), European agricultural fund for rural development (EAFRD) and European maritime and fisheries fund (EMFF). The purpose of these funds is to invest in job creation and a sustainable and healthy European economy and environment. All these funds are managed by the EU countries themselves, by means of partnership agreements. Partnership agreements lead to a series of investment programmes channelling the funding to the different regions and projects in policy areas concerned.
← 5. ESI Funds Open Data - Slovakia, https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/countries/SK
← 6. In October 2018, the Financial Directorate of the Slovak Republic issued a methodological instruction for the deduction of expenses, https://www.financnasprava.sk/_img/pfsedit/Dokumenty_PFS/Zverejnovanie_dok/Dane/Metodicke_pokyny/Priame_dane_uct/2018/2018.10.10_MP_vyskum_par30c.pdf
← 7. Lack of experts challenges ICT sector, 2017, https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20465742/lack-of-experts-challenges-ict-sector.html
← 8. OECD (2019), OECD Economic Surveys: Slovak Republic 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-svk-2019-en.
← 9. The European Commission has been monitoring Member States’ digital progress through the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) reports since 2014. The DESI reports include both country profiles and thematic chapters. In addition, an in-depth telecoms chapter is annexed to the reports for each Member State. The DESI country reports combine quantitative evidence from the DESI indicators across the five dimensions of the index with country-specific policy insights and best practices. For more information: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/digital-economy-and-society-index-desi
← 10. Záverečná správa - Plnenie opatrení prijatých na odstránenie nedostatkov zistených kontrolami, ktoré vykonal NKÚ SR, 2019, https://www.nku.gov.sk/documents/10157/9cdf145b-56e1-40b9-97db-dcf4d87f3e04 (Final report - Implementation of measures taken to eliminate identified deficiencies from inspections carried out)
← 11. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10335072/9-16012020-BP-EN.pdf/30431c3f-cbce-6d2d-e9d1-4cf6b084b6af
← 12. https://www.mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SDT-English-Version-FINAL.pdf
← 13. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52015DC0192
← 14. https://www.mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/AP-DT-English-Version-FINAL.pdf
← 15. https://www.mirri.gov.sk/sekcie/informatizacia/digitalna-transformacia/pracovna-skupina-pre-digitalnu-transformaciu-sr/
← 16. The unit of Behavioural Research and Innovation Slovakia is funded by the European Union through the project OP EVS ´ Improvement of digital services in public administration through behavioral innovations´ (OPEVS-PO1-SC1.1-2018-10); https://www.mirri.gov.sk/sekcie/informatizacia/oddelenie-behavioralnych-inovacii/index.html
← 17. https://www.ezdravotnictvo.sk/sk/-/v-systeme-ezdravie-je-uz-100-milionov-ereceptov
← 18. https://slovensko.digital/
← 19. Národná koncepcia informatizácie verejnej správy (2016), http://www.informatizacia.sk/narodna-koncepcia-informatizacie-verejnej-spravy--2016-/22662c
← 20. https://www.opii.gov.sk/strategic-documents/op-integrated-infrastructure
← 21. https://www.mfsr.sk/en/finance/institute-financial-policy/strategic-documents/national-reform-program/
← 22. Digital Public Administration Factsheets – Slovakia 2020, European Commission, https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/inline-files/Digital_Public_Administration_Factsheets_Slovakia_vFINAL.pdf
← 23. https://www.mirri.gov.sk/en/sections/informatization/egovernment/strategic-documents/strategic-document-for-digital-growth-and-next-generation-access-infrastructure-2014-2020/index.html
← 24. https://www.uvo.gov.sk/informacny-servis/koncepcia-rozvoja-verejneho-obstaravania-v-sr-426.html
← 25. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2015/343/#paragraf-7.odsek-1.pismeno-b
← 26. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2015/343/20210119.html
← 27. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2019/41/20190301
← 28. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2016/132/20160418
← 29. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2016/152/20160418
← 30. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2016/155/20160418
← 31. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2019/428/20200101
← 32. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2016/157/20160418
← 33. Directive 2014/23/EU on the award of concession contracts; Directive 2014/24/EU on public procurement; Directive 2014/25/EU on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors.
← 34. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/1828 of 30 October 2019 amending Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council in respect of the thresholds for public supply, service and works contracts, and design contests, C/2019/7693, OJ L 279, 31.10.2019, p. 25–26 ; Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/1829 of 30 October 2019 amending Directive 2014/25/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council in respect of the thresholds for supply, service and works contracts, and design contests, C/2019/7692, OJ L 279, 31.10.2019, p. 27–28; Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/1827 of 30 October 2019 amending Directive 2014/23/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council in respect of the threshold for concessions, C/2019/7691, OJ L 279, 31.10.2019, p. 23–24
← 35. A free online version of the Supplement to the OJEU, called Tenders Electronic Daily (TED), is available; https://ted.europa.eu/
← 36. The Official Journal of Public Procurement is administered by the PPO and accessible online. In the Journal there are notices used in public procurement, sent by the procuring entities, which are published on a daily basis. Other information under the Public Procurement Act is published as well.
← 38. For applicable thresholds limits since 31.03.2022, look at https://www.uvo.gov.sk/legislativametodika-dohlad/metodicke-usmernenia/vseobecne-metodicke-usmernenia-zakon-c-3432015-z-z--51e.html
← 39. https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/scoreboard/
← 40. https://www.uvo.gov.sk/legislativametodika-dohlad/zodpovedne-verejne-obstaravanie/pracovne-skupiny-5cf.html
← 41. https://www.uvo.gov.sk/socialne-aspekty-vo-vo-654.html
← 42. https://www.uvo.gov.sk/o-projekte-644.html
← 43. https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/scoreboard/performance_per_policy_area/public_procurement/index_en.htm
← 44. (1) single bidder; (2) no calls for bids; (3) publication rate; (4) cooperative procurement; (5) award criteria; (6) decision speed; (7) SME contractors; (8) SME bids; (9) procedures divided into lots; (10) missing calls for bids; (11) missing supplier registration number; (12) missing buyer registration number
← 45. 2020 European Semester: Assessment of progress on structural reforms, prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances, and results of in-depth reviews under Regulation (EU) No 1176/2011 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020SC0524&from=EN
← 46. See Annex for the detailed list of the CPV codes used for the analysis
← 47. Article 46 of Directive 2014/24/EU
← 48. https://www.mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SDT-English-Version-FINAL.pdf
← 49. Guidance: Technology Code of Practice, Updated 27 March 2019; https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/technology-code-of-practice/technology-code-of-practice
← 50. Rokovacie konanie so zverejnením a súťažný dialóg, December 2020, https://www.uvo.gov.sk/uvod/aktualne-temy-2a8.html?id=774
← 51. Ibid
← 52. There are eight self-governing regions in Slovakia: Banská Bystrica, Bratislava, Košice, Nitra, Prešov, Trenčín, Trnava, Žilina; besides, every municipality has a local government.
← 53. https://www.uvo.gov.sk/o-urade/stale-pracoviska-621.html
← 54. https://www.iprocurenet.eu/
← 55. Statute of the Ministry of Investments, Regional Development and Informatisation of the Slovak Republic (Approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Slovak Republic No 417 of 1 July 2020) https://www.mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Statut_ENtranslation_01072020.pdf https://www.mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/UPPVII_Brochure_2019_EN_WEB_Final.pdf
← 56. http://www.informatizacia.sk/expertne-skupiny-gad/22464s
← 57. An earlier methodological instruction for standard details in describing the subject matter of contract, standard terms and conditions of participation in public procurement and optimum contractual terms and conditions in relation to IT projects available online at: http://www.informatizacia.sk/ext_dok-metodicky_pokyn_std_obstaravanie_1-0/15176c
← 58. https://www.mfsr.sk/en/finance/value-money/value-money-committee/about-project/
← 59. RPVS is governed by the Law on the Register of Public Sector Partners and on Amendments to Certain Acts (Act No. 315/2016 Coll.), as amended by Act No. 38/2017 Coll. and Act No. 241/2019 Coll.
← 60. Article 11 of the PPA
← 61. Activity Report of the Public Procurement Office for the Year 2018.
← 62. Activity Report of the Public Procurement Office for the Year 2019, page 21
← 63. https://www.uvo.gov.sk/informacny-servis/analyticke-vystupy/analyzy-odboru-dohladu-60f.html
← 65. https://www.digitaleurope.org/
← 66. https://www.businesseurope.eu/
← 68. ZMOS is an NGO gathering more than 2,800 towns and communities, which represents 95% of the country total number. It promotes the rights and interests of local entities by actively participating in legislative processes related to towns and villages and managing systematic issues. The ZMOS Association initiated the creation and development of ISOMI, an internet information system for towns and municipalities. The project is designed to host and integrate municipal websites to support municipalities in providing citizens with information and eServices. Furthermore, the association operates the DCOM (Municipal Data Centre) solution that offers eServices to the citizens of towns and municipalities. For further information: https://www.zmos.sk/; https://www.zdruzeniedeus.sk/zdruzenie-deus
← 70. https://www.dcom.sk/oznamy-obec/-/asset_publisher/TansOWSRx5l7/content/samosprava-bude-od-januara-komunikovat-elektronicky
← 71. https://finance.gov.sk/files/archiv/uhp/3370/76/Stanovisko_DCOM_UHP_20171211.pdf
← 72. https://www.antimon.gov.sk/data/att/2109.pdf
← 73. OECD, 2017, Developing Administrative Capacity for Public Procurement in the Slovak Republic: A Training Action Plan for 2016-2019, https://www.oecd.org/gov/public-procurement/publications/capacity-public-procurement-slovak-republic-training.pdf
← 74. The growth in legislation cannot be fully explained by the need to cover novel issues, for example electronic public procurement. Studies connect it to what they identify as a specific administrative-legislative regional characteristic: the habit of trying to resolve implementation problems, not only by improving processes, but also by enshrining the changes in ever more detailed and complex legislation. In: Matus Grega, Marta Orviska, Juraj Nemec, Colin Lawson: Factors Determining the Efficiency of Slovak Public Procurement.
← 75. Public administration characteristics and performance in EU28: Slovakia in: The Public Administration in the EU 28, European Commission, 2018; https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a7c9b4c2-960f-11e8-8bc1-01aa75ed71a1/language-en