Abbreviations and acronyms

The following are the main acronyms cited in the report.

Abbreviation/acronym

Full description

AI

Artificial intelligence

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BLK

Balai Latihan Kerja (Indonesia)

BTI

Bertelsmann Transformation Index

CAPE

Confederation of Asia-Pacific Employers

CVS

Community volunteer supplement

DepEd

Department of Education (Philippines)

ECEC

Early childhood education and care

EHIS

Education Information System (Estonia)

ESCS

Economic, social and cultural status

FDI

Foreign direct investment

FDWs

Foreign domestic workers

FTAs

Free trade agreements

GDP

Gross domestic product

GMAP

Gender mainstreaming action plan

GMS

Greater Mekong Subregion

GVC

Global value chain

HPWPs

High-performance workplace practices

ICT

Information and communication technology

ILO

International Labour Organization

iNEIS

Integrated National Education Information System (Brunei Darussalam)

INSEAD

Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires

IT

Information technology

JSP

JobStart Philippines Programme

MRAs

Mutual recognition agreements

MRCs

Migrant worker resource centres

MSMEs

Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises

NEET

Not in education, employment, or training

NGOs

Non-governmental organisations

NYC

National Youth Council (Singapore)

ODA

Official development assistance

OOSC

Out-of-school children

PES

Public employment services

PIAAC

Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies

PISA

Programme for International Student Assessment

PISA-D

PISA for Development

R&D

Research and development

RCEP

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

SAMC

Social Affairs Ministers’ Committee (Korea)

SBM

School-based management

SCORE

Sustaining Competitive and Responsible Enterprises (Viet Nam)

SEAMEO

Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization

SEA-PLM

Southeast Asia Primary Learning Metrics

SENAI

Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem (National Industrial Apprenticeship Service) (Brazil)

SIP

Settling-In Programme (Singapore)

SMEs

Small- and medium-sized enterprises

SSCs

Skills sectoral councils

STEM

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics

TACs

Technology access centres (Canada)

TESDA

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (Philippines)

TIMMS

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

TVET

Technical and vocational education and training

UCLG

United Cities and Local Governments

UIAPs

University industry advisory panels (Malaysia)

UIS

UNESCO Institute for Statistics

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization