Annex C. Programmes and policies included in analysis of Brazil, Kenya and Nepal
Table A C.1.
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Country |
Initiative |
Brief description |
Approach to unpaid care work |
Public services |
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Brazil |
Educaçao Infantil |
National preschool programme for children 4 years +; “compulsory”, aiming at 50% enrolment by 2020; 0-3 years optional |
Recognising and reducing unpaid care work, but not redistributing for parents receiving cash transfers (conditional on not doing paid work) |
Mother and More |
Anti-poverty parenting programme and mother and child mobile health clinic |
No UCW focus initially. Unpaid care work recognised; helps reduce (access to healthcare); redistribution encouraged |
|
Kenya |
Nairobi City Council |
Has ECD/preschool provision mandate; for 4-6 year-olds only Sets but cannot enforce provider regulations |
Addresses all 3Rs, by de facto extending school enrolment threshold to younger children |
Kidogo |
Social enterprise, improves quality of care and certifies providers Hub and spoke model for skill diffusion; 0-6 years old |
Addresses all 3Rs (not gender restricted, some male care providers participate) For full age range of young children |
|
HelpAge International |
Policy advocacy for those with greatest care needs, at intersection of age and particular medical conditions |
Recognises and reduces UCW, by focusing on care needs and quality of life for older people, pre-empting need for more intensive caregiving |
|
Nepal |
Action Aid |
Supports community provision of childcare – no single model |
Parents’ willingness to pay indicates recognition and reduction. Redistribution is addressed peripherally |
Age Nepal |
Geriatric care training programme for health professionals |
Addresses LTC skills in clinical settings among paid caregivers No UCW focus, but may reassure domestic caregivers/elders that institutional care is an acceptable substitute |
|
Infrastructure |
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Nepal |
World Food Programme |
Improved services to “the most vulnerable, incorporating better resilience to natural disasters, stronger livelihoods and enhanced investment environment” (DfID, 2015, p. 3[3]) |
None |
Helvetas |
Increase the resilience of women and men against the negative impacts of climate change and increase representation of women in livelihood initiatives and climate change adaptation plans (pilot action research project) |
Recognises UCW, aims at recognition by women and men in communities, reduction and redistribution |
|
Asian Development Bank; Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare |
Address gender-based inequalities with respect to access to economic opportunities, political participation, lack of voice and representation, and existing socio-cultural barriers (particular focus on disadvantaged women) |
Recognises UCW, aims at reduction through infrastructure |
|
Brazil |
Secretariat for Food Security, Health and Nutrition within the Ministry of Social Development |
Access to water and food security |
UCW not recognised as issue across secretariat/ministry; no aim at redistribution or reduction |
Kenya |
Innovation Energie Développement |
Stimulate market solutions to energy poverty |
UCW not recognised, no aim at redistribution or reduction |
Social protection |
|||
Brazil |
“Housewife Policy”: policy reform of pension and social security system |
Provides for earlier retirement age + voluntary social security contributions for housewives; introduced in 2006 |
Providing access to: maternity leave, pension and medical support (paid sick leave) for low- or non-income earners including housewives |
Programa Bolsa Familia (PBF) |
Cash transfer programme aimed at reducing poverty and inequality, by targeting benefits to mothers |
Initially no explicit focus on unpaid care work but targeting mothers, tending to reinforce their caring role Later childcare provision (Brazil Carinhoso) was introduced, and from 2016 there have been small-scale attempts to address social norms on care with men |
|
Kenya |
Cash Transfer for Orphan and Vulnerable Children – (CT-OVC) |
Providing welfare payments to keep vulnerable groups in the care of their families and communities Piloted in 2007 and by 2017 approx. 40% coverage of target group |
Facilitate/encourage unpaid care work by family carers (most likely women) through provision of a small stipend to family carers |
Older Persons Cash Transfer (OPCT) |
Initially piloted in 2011 and by 2015/16 approx. 24% coverage of target group Now being extended to provide universal coverage to all over 70 |
No explicit consideration of care issues |
|
Nepal |
Social Security Fund |
Provision of 1% of salary by workers to the Fund |
None at the moment – eligibility of informal workers but unpaid care workers not eligible |
Child Grant |
Supporting better nutrition for children under five years of age in Karnali region and Dalit households in the rest of the country |
No explicit focus on unpaid care work but targeting of mothers may reinforce existing stereotypes |
|
Shared responsibility |
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Brazil |
UN Women |
National advocacy campaigns as part of the HeForShe campaign and the UNiTE to End Violence against Women; support of other initiatives, e.g. secondary schools |
Recognises unpaid care work as barrier to gender equality |
Promundo |
Work with men, private sector and health services with the focus on men (and their partners) |
Recognises and aims at redistribution and reduction of time spent on care and domestic work by women through engaging with men |
|
Secretariat for women’s policies (National) |
Awareness raising in congress, research focused on formalising and decent work for domestic workers as mean for raising value of care and domestic work more broadly. |
Recognises unpaid care work, aims at wider recognition through achieving recognition of paid care work |
|
Kenya |
ActionAid |
Awareness raising for community political voice and accountability Reflection circles(with time diaries), piloting |
Aims for recognition of unpaid care work as well as redistribution and reduction of drudgery |
Oxfam |
Work with community, including men, to change social norms through policy analysis Rapid care analysis toolkit in slum areas of Nairobi |
Aims at redistribution by engaging with male champions |
|
Femnet |
Create constituency of men to change social norms focused on areas with highest rates of female genital mutilation |
Aims at recognition and redistribution of unpaid care work |
|
Nepal |
Daayitwa |
Sensitisation of women in rural areas, within access to resources Leadership programme |
No explicit focus |
UN Women |
Advocacy campaigns; dialogue with policy makers working 12 districts and Kathmandu valley, reach restricted in mountain region |
Aiming for recognition and redistribution |
References
[1] Chopra, D., A. Kelbert and P. Iyer (2013), A feminist political economy analysis of public policies related to care: A thematic review.
[3] DfID (2015), Urban partnerships for poverty reduction (UPPR) – Project completion report, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Housing/InformalSettlements/DFID_2.pdf (accessed on December 2018).
[2] IFC (2017), Tackling Childcare: The Business Case for Employer-Supported Childcare, International Finance Corporation..
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