Consultations with doctors
Consultations with doctors are an important measure of overall access to health services, since most diseases can be managed effectively in primary care without hospitalisation, and a doctor consultation often precedes a hospital admission.
Generally, the annual number of doctor consultations per person in Asia-Pacific is lower than the OECD average of 6.8, but there are some cross-country variations (Figure 5.4). The doctor consultation rate ranges from above ten per person in Korea and Japan to less than one per person in Bangladesh and Cambodia. In general, consultation rates tend to be highest in the high-income countries and territories in the region (except Singapore) and significantly lower in low-income countries and territories, suggesting that income levels have some impact on populations’ health care-seeking behaviours. It should be noted that in low-income countries and territories most primary contacts are with medical assistants, clinical officers, or nurses, and not with doctors.
Mainly reflecting the limited supply of doctors (see indicator “Doctors and nurses” in Chapter 5), the number of consultations per doctor is – in many Asia-Pacific countries and territories – higher that the OECD average at 2 122 per year (Figure 5.5). Doctors had more than 5 000 consultations on average in Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Japan in a year, while a doctor in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, New Zealand and Bangladesh, generally delivers less than 1 300 consultations per year.
The number of consultations per doctor should not be taken as a measure of productivity as consultations can vary in length and effectiveness, and doctors also undertake work devoted to inpatients, administration, and research. This measure is also subject to comparability limitations such as the exclusion of doctors working in the private sector or the inclusion of other health professionals providing primary care in some countries and territories (see box below on “Definition and comparability”).
There is a close relationship between doctor consultation rates – a proxy for access to services – and healthy life expectancy at birth, with consultation rates being highest in countries and territories reporting the highest healthy life expectancy (Figure 5.6). This simple correlation, however, does not necessarily imply causality since overall living standards may influence both consultation rates and life expectancy. There are also country examples such as Mongolia (Singapore) where healthy life expectancy is much lower (higher) than expected based on consultation rates, indicating that other factors, such as geographical accessibility and income level, affect life expectancy.
Consultations with doctors are defined as contacts with physicians (both generalists and specialists, for more details see indicator “Doctors and nurses” in Chapter 5). These may take place in doctors’ offices or clinics, in hospital outpatient departments and at home.
Two main data sources are used to estimate consultation rates: administrative data and household health surveys. In general, administrative data sources in non-OECD countries and territories of the Asia-Pacific region only cover public sector physicians or physicians remunerated by the public sector, although physicians in the private sector provide a large share of overall consultations in most of these countries and territories. Moreover, outpatient visits recorded in administrative data can be also with non-physicians. The alternative data source is household health surveys, but these tend to produce lower estimates owing to incorrect recall and non-response rates. Administrative data have been used where available, but survey data are used for Hong Kong (China), Singapore, Solomon Islands and Sri Lanka. Caution must be applied in interpreting the data from different sources.
The annual number of consultations per doctor is estimated by dividing the number of total consultations in a year by the number of doctors.
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2022; National Data Sources (see Annex A).
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2022; National Data Sources (see Annex A).
Source: OECD Health Statistics 2022; WHO GHO 2020; National Data Sources (see Annex A).