Abbreviations and acronyms

A*STAR

Agency for Science, Technology and Research

ADIPEC

Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference

ATTRACT

Attracting Outstanding Young Researchers from Abroad (Luxembourg)

ACK

Australian College of Kuwait

AEI

Spanish Agency of Research

ANR

National Research Agency, France

AUM

American University of the Middle East

CAGR

Compound annual growth rate

CWTS

Centre for Science and Technology Studies

DDI

Dasman Diabetes Institute

D&I

Drilling and Intervention

FFG

Austrian industrial Research Promotion Agency

FISIM

Financial intermediation services indirectly measured

FTE

Full-time equivalent

FNR

Luxembourg National Research Fund

FRED

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

GCC

Gulf Cooperation Council

GDP

Gross domestic product

GE

General Electric

GERD

Gross expenditure on R&D

GIC

Global Innovation Company for Software Development & Training

GSSCPD

General Secretariat of the Supreme Council for Planning and Development

HEIs

Higher education institutions

HHI

Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

IAEA

International Atomic Energy Agency

IBK

Industrial Bank of Kuwait

IBS

Institute of Banking Studies

ICT

Information and communication technologies

IEA

International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement

IED

Innovation and Enterprise Directorate

IFD

Innovation Fund Denmark

IMF

International Monetary Fund

IOCB

Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

IP

Intellectual property

IP5

Five IP offices, including the European Patent Office, Japan Patent Office, Korean Intellectual Property office, the National Intellectual Property Administration of the People's Republic of China and the United States Patent and Trademark Office

JAC

Jaber Al Ahmed Centre for Molecular Imaging and Nuclear Medicine

JPO

Japan Patent Office

K-companies

Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Kuwait Oil Company, Kuwait National Petroleum Company, Petrochemicals Industry Company and Kuwait Oil Tanker Company

KAPP

Kuwait Authority for Partnership Projects

KCSB

Kuwait Central Statistical Bureau

KDI

Korea Development Institute

KDIPA

Kuwait Development and Investment Promotion Agency

KFAS

Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science

KIA

Kuwait Investment Authority

KIPRC

Kuwait International Petroleum Research Centre

KISR

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research

KLSC

Kuwait Life Sciences Company

KNAW

Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

KNPC

Kuwait National Petroleum Company

KOC

Kuwait Oil Company

KOTC

Kuwait Oil Tanker Company

KPC

Kuwait Petroleum Corporation

KPI

Key Performance Indicators

KPPC

Kuwait Public Policy Centre

KRRP

Kuwait Research Review Panel

KSPDC

Kuwait Small Projects Development Company

KSTIC

Kuwait Science, Technology and Innovation Council

KU

Kuwait University

KWD

Kuwaiti Dinar

LSE

London School of Economics

MAS

Manufacturing Advisory Service

MENA

Middle East and North Africa

MIMOS Berhad

Malaysia’s national Applied Research and Development Centre

MIT

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MRDP

Medium-Range Development Plan

MSCI

Morgan Stanley Capital Incorporated

MSF

Multi-Stage Flash Distillation

MSMEs

Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises

MYR

Malaysian Ringgit

NASCO

National Advisory Services Company

NESTA

National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts, United Kingdom

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NPST

National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (Saudi Arabia)

NSF

National Science Foundation

NTEC

National Technology Enterprises Company

OCR

Offices of contract research

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OPEC

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

PAAET

Public Authority for Applied Education and Training

PCT

WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty

PDVSA

Petróleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anonima

PEARL

Attracting Leading Reasearchers from Abroad to Luxembourg

PET

Positron Emission Tomography

PIC

Petrochemicals Industry Company

PRIs

Public research institutes

PUC

Private Universities Council

Q1

First quartile (top 25%)

QMS

Quality Management System

RCA

Revealed comparative advantage

RD

Research Directorate

R&D

Research and Development

RO

Reverse Osmosis

R&T

Research and Technology

SAC

Sabah Al-Ahmed Centre for Giftedness and Creativity

SAR

Saudi Riyal

SBIR

Small Business Innovation Research

SCPD

Supreme Council for Planning and Development

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals

SINTEF

Applied Research, Technology and Innovation, Norway

SITC

Standard International Trade Classification

SITRA

Finnish Innovation Fund

SMEs

Small and medium-sized enterprises

SOEs

State-owned enterprises

SPECT

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

SPI

Special Projects and Initiatives

SITRA

The Finnish Innovation Fund

STEM

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

ST

Strategic Thrust

STI

Science, technology and innovation

TES

Technology extension services

TFP

Total factor productivity

THE

Times Higher Education

TIMSS

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study

TIP

OECD Working Party for Innovation and Technology policies

TRIPS

WTO Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

TSCK

The Scientific Centre of Kuwait

TTOs

Technology transfer offices

UAE

United Arab Emirates

UKRI

UK Research and Innovation

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

USD

United States Dollar

USPTO

United States Patent and Trademark Office

VINNOVA

Sweden’s innovation agency

WCT

WIPO Copyright Treaty

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization

WITS

World Integrated Trade Solutions

WPPT

WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty

WRC

Water Research Centre

WTO

World Trade Organization

ZGI

Zain Great Ideas

ZIM

German Central Innovation Programme for SMEs