Case studies on demand and supply risks for specific materials: copper, iron and steel and critical materials

This report focuses on the big picture: global aggregated material flows. However, each material can be explored in more detail to provide insights into the economic mechanisms that are at play in the links between materials use and their economic drivers, and the prospects for supply risks. This chapter presents two case studies that model stock accumulation, waste generation and secondary materials use for copper and steel. The last section delves into the evolution of supply risks and the economic importance of materials for OECD countries to 2030 to assess potential criticality of materials in the future.