Effectiveness of Enforcement Frameworks for Countering Illicit Trade

This chapter analyses the effectiveness of the sanctions and penalties being used to counter illicit trade. It provides an overview of sanction regimes and legal frameworks at the international and national levels, along with an assessment of the national policies and programmes being employed. Case studies are presented on i) counterfeit goods, ii) illicit tobacco trade, iii) illicit trade in narcotics iv) pharmaceuticals and v) illegal wildlife trafficking. The chapter also explores how the criminal and legal frameworks could be enhanced.