BASIC STATISTICS OF ESTONIA*
(2015 or latest available year)
(OECD values in parentheses)
PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
Population (million)	1.3	(1 274)	Population density per km2	29.0	(35.1)
Share of population by type of region:			Population compound annual growth rate, latest 5 years	-0.4	(0.6)
Predominantly urban (%)	11.4	(48.7)	Income inequality (Gini coefficient)	0.36	(0.32)
Intermediate (%)	79.2	(26.0)	Poverty rate (% of population with less than 50% med.income)	12.3	(11.3)
Rural (%)	9.5	(25.3)	Life expectancy	77.2	(80.6)
ECONOMY AND EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS
Total GDP (national currency, billion)	20.5		Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)	75.7	(29.2)
Total GDP (billion, current PPPs)	31.7	(51 165)	Main exports (% of total merchandise exports)
GDP compound annual real growth rate, latest 5 years	3.6	(1.9)	Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles	20.2
GDP per capita (1 000 USD current PPPs)	24.2	(40.1)	Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes	11.2
Value added shares (%)			Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal	9.1
Agriculture	3.0	(1.7)	Main imports (% of total merchandise imports)
Industry including construction	23.1	(23.1)	Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles	17.3
Services	73.8	(75.2)	Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes	13.2
Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)	79.8	(29)	Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof	9.8
GENERAL GOVERNMENT as percentage of GDPa
Expenditure	39.5	(44.4)	Education expenditure	5.6	(5.4)
Revenue	40.0	(42.4)	Health expenditure	5.1	(6.5)
Gross financial debt	13.6	(86.5)	Environment protection expenditure	0.6	(0.8)
Fiscal balance	0.4	(-2.0)	Environmental taxes: (% of GDP)	2.6	(1.6)
			(% of total tax revenue)	8.0	(5.1)
LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION
Unemployment rate (% of civilian labour force)	6.2	(7.9)	Patent applications in environment-related technologies (% of all technologies)b	21.2	(12)
Tertiary educational attainment of 25-to-64 years-olds (%)	37.5	(34.5)	Environmental management	11.5	(4.5)
Gross expenditure on R&D, % of GDP	1.4	(2.4)	Water-related adaptation technologies	0.6	(0.4)
			Climate change mitigation technologies	10.4	(9.8)
ENVIRONMENT
Energy intensity: TPES per capita (toe/cap.)	4.2	(4.1)	Road vehicle stock (veh./100 inhabitants)	57.3	(58.9)
TPES per GDP (toe/1 000 USD, 2010 PPPs)	0.16	(0.11)	Water stress (abstraction as % of available resources)	14.0	(9.7)
Renewables (% of TPES)	17.4	(9.6)	Water abstraction per capita (m3/cap./year)	1 311	(819)
Carbon intensity (energy-related CO2):			Municipal waste per capita, (kg/capita)	357	(516)
per capita (t/cap.)	14.3	(9.4)	Material productivity (USD, 2010 PPPs/DMC, kg)	0.9	(1.7)
per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2010 PPPs)	0.53	(0.26)	Land area (1 000 km2)	42.4	(34 341)
GHG intensityc			% of arable land and permanent crops	15.1	(12.1)
per capita (t/cap.)	16.0	(12.4)	% of permanent meadows and pastures	7.7	(23.2)
per GDP (t/1 000 USD, 2010 PPPs)	0.63	(0.34)	% of forest area	52.7	(31.2)
Mean population exposure to air pollution (PM2.5), μg/m3	9.1	(14)	% of other land (built-up and other land)	24.5	(33.5)
← * Values earlier than 2010 are not taken into consideration.
← a. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of the latest available data is calculated where data exist for a significant number of countries.
← b. Higher-value inventions that have sought patent protection in at least two jurisdictions. Average of latest three years.
← c. Excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.
Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the OECD, IEA, Eurostat.