Implementation procedures and approaches to including out-of-school children in educational assessments

This chapter looks at two aspects of large-scale assessments. First, the implementation procedures used by PISA and other assessments, in particular institutional arrangements, sampling methods, data collection, data processing, and standardisation of implementation. In the case of each of the reviewed assessments, the chapter highlights any lessons that may be relevant for PISA for Development (PISA-D). Second, the chapter examines the methods and approaches that some of the reviewed surveys use to include out-of-school children in the assessments and highlights some lessons for PISA-D in this regard.