Abbreviations and acronyms

ADR

Active debris removal

ASAT

Anti-satellite (weapon or test)

ASI

Italian Space Agency (Italy) Agenzia Spaziale Italiana

CAM

Collision avoidance manoeuvres

CNES

National Centre for Space Studies (France) Centre National d’Études Spatiales

CNR

National Research Council (Italy) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche

CRS

Constant returns to scale

CSA

Canadian Space Agency

CTNA

National Aerospace Technology Cluster (Italy) Cluster Tecnologico dell’Aerospazio

DARPA

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (United States)

DEA

Data envelopment analysis

DLR

German Aerospace Center Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt

DMU

Decision-making unit

EARSC

European Association for Remote Sensing Companies

EO

Earth observation

ESA

European Space Agency

EUMETSAT

European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites

EUR

Euro (currency)

GBP

British pound sterling (currency)

GDP

Gross domestic product

GEO

Geostationary orbit

GNSS

Global navigation satellite system

GPS

Global Positioning System

GVA

Gross value added

HHI

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

IADC

Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee

ISO

International Organisation for Standardisation

ISS

International Space Station

JAXA

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

JPSS

Joint Polar Satellite System

km

Kilometre

KRW

Korean won (currency)

LEO

Low-earth orbit

NACE

Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OOS

On-orbit servicing

PMD

Post-mission disposal

R&D

Research and development

SAR

Synthetic aperture radar

SE

Scale efficiency

SSA

Space situational awareness

SST

Space surveillance and tracking

ST

Satellite telecommunications

TE

Technical efficiency

UCS

Union of Concerned Scientists

UKSA

UK Space Agency

UN COPUOS

United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

USD

US dollar (currency)

VRS

Variable returns to scale

VRT

Variable rate technology

VSL

Value of statistical life

WMO

World Meteorological Organization

WTA

Willingness to accept

WTP

Willingness to pay