Abbreviations and acronyms

AI

Artificial intelligence

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BERD

Business expenditure on research and development

DARPA

US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DND

Digital New Deal

ECI

Economic Complexity Index

ETRI

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute

EU

European Union

EUR

Euro

FDI

Foreign direct investment

FIR

Foreign input reliance

FMR

Foreign market reliance

FTE

Full-time equivalent

FVA

Foreign value-added

GDP

Gross domestic product

GERD

Gross expenditure on research and development

GHG

Greenhouse gas

GII

Global import intensity

GND

Green New Deal

GOVERD

Government expenditure on research and development

GRI

Government research institute

GVC

Global value chain

HEI

Higher education institution

HERD

Higher education expenditure on research and development

HHI

Herfindahl-Hirschman Index

HRHR

High-risk, high-reward

ICT

Information and communications technology

IEA

International Energy Agency

IP

Intellectual property

IPO

Initial public offering

KAIST

Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology

KARPA

Korea Advanced Research Programme Accelerator

KEI

Korea Environment Institute

KISTEP

Korea Institute of S&T Evaluation and Planning

KND

Korean New Deal

KRW

Korean won

M&A

Mergers and acquisitions

MFP

Multifactor Productivity

MNC

Multinational corporations

MOIP

Mission-oriented innovation policy

MOTIE

Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy

MSIT

Ministry of Science and ICT

NGO

Non-governmental organisation

NRF

National Research Foundation

NST

National Research Council for Science and Technology

ODA

Overseas development assistance

OLED

Organic light-emitting diode

PACST

Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology

PBS

Project-based system

PCT

Patent Cooperation Treaty

PIAAC

Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies

PISA

Programme for International Student Assessment

PNP

Private non-profit

PPP

Purchasing power parity

PRI

Public research institute

R&D

Research and development

R&I

Research and innovation

R&R

Roles and responsibilities

RTA

Revealed technology advantage

RTO

Research technology organisations

S&T

Science and Technology

SDG

Sustainable Development Goals

SEK

Swedish krona

SME

Small and medium enterprise

SNU

Seoul National University

STEM

Science, technology, engineering and mathematics

STI

Science, technology and innovation

SWOT

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

TIPS

Tech Incubator Program for Start-up

UNIST

Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology

US

United States

USD

United States dollar