Hungary
This chapter includes data on the income taxes paid by workers, their social security contributions, the family benefits they receive in the form of cash transfers as well as the social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by their employers. Results reported include the marginal and average tax burden for eight different family types.
Methodological information is available for personal income tax systems, compulsory social security contributions to schemes operated within the government sector, universal cash transfers as well as recent changes in the tax/benefit system. The methodology also includes the parameter values and tax equations underlying the data.
The national currency is the Forint (HUF). In 2018, HUF 270.22 was equal to USD 1. In 2018, the average worker earned HUF 4 138 492 (Secretariat estimate).
1. Personal Income Tax Systems
1.1. Central/federal government income taxes
1.1.1. Tax unit
The tax unit is, in all cases, the separate individual. In exceptional cases, the employer can become subject to personal income tax, for instance in the case of benefits in kind.
1.1.2. Tax allowances and tax credits
1.1.2.1. Standard reliefs
-
Basic reliefs: None.
-
Standard marital status reliefs: None.
-
Employee Tax credit: Since 1st January 2012 there is no employee tax credit.
-
Family tax allowance: For families having children, the basis of income tax can be reduced by the family tax allowance, which amounts to HUF 66 670 per month (for families having one child), HUF 116 670 per month/each dependent (for families having two children) or HUF 220 000 per month/each dependent (for families having at least three children). This tax allowance can be applied by a pregnant woman (or her husband) as from the 91st day after conception until birth of the child. The tax allowance may be claimed by one spouse or be split between the spouses. As of 1st January 2014 the family tax allowance was extended: families whose combined PIT base is not sufficient to claim the maximum amount of the family tax allowance can deduct the remaining sum from the 7% health insurance contribution and the 10% pension contribution. This measure does not affect the eligibility for social security benefits (pensions, healthcare, transfers, etc.).
1.1.2.2. Main non-standard tax reliefs
-
Trade Union membership dues: Membership dues and contributions paid to trade unions and other corporate bodies of employees are deductible without any restriction.
-
Tax credits are made available for physical disability or agricultural activities. Tax deduction is available for those having income from abroad.
-
From 1st January 2015 for newly married couples (where it’s the first marriage for at least one of the parties) the basis of income tax can be reduced by HUF 33 335 per month for one person of the couple for 24 months.
1.1.3. Tax schedule
The rate of personal income tax amounts to 15%.
1.2. State and local income taxes
In Hungary there is no local personal income tax system supplementing the central one.
2. Compulsory Social Security Contributions to Schemes Operated within the Government Sector
2.1. Employees’ contributions
2.1.1. Pensions
The rate of pension contribution amounts to 10% of gross earnings.
2.1.2. Sickness
The rate of health security contribution amounts to 7% of gross earnings.
2.1.3. Unemployment
The worker must pay, as employees’ contribution, 1.5% of gross earnings.
2.1.4. Others
None. The average worker does not have any obligation to pay other contributions than the above mentioned. However, the contribution rates may be different for certain types of income or for certain groups of income recipients (e.g. employees with pensioner status). None of these exceptions are applicable to the workers taken into consideration in this report.
2.2. Employers’ contributions
2.2.1. Pensions
None.
2.2.2. Sickness
None.
2.2.3. Unemployment
None.
2.2.4. Others
From 2012 the employers’ social security contributions were merged into the new payroll tax, called social contribution tax. This change is of legal nature, the combined rate remains 27% while the revenue is divided among the pension, health care and labour-market funds. In 2017 the social contribution tax decreased to 22%, and in January, 2018 the rate was lowered to 19.5%.
The employer contributions also include a payroll tax: the training levy amounts to 1.5% of gross earnings.
From 1st January 2013, the Job Protection Act (JPA) introduced new targeted reliefs in the employers’ contributions (social contribution tax and training levy) to incentivise the employment of the most disadvantageous groups on the labour market. This measure reduces the standard rate of the employers' contributions up to a cap of HUF 100 000 per month. From 2017 the JPA introduced a permanent reduction of the employers' tax rate by 50% of the current tax rate for:
-
employees under 25 years of age,
-
employees over 55 years of age,
-
employees working in elementary occupations,
-
employees working in agricultural occupations.
It also introduced temporary reductions (21% in the first two years of the employment, and 50% of the current tax rate in the third year) for:
-
long term unemployed re-entering the labour market,
-
people returning to work after child-care leave,
-
career starters.
From 1st January 2015 the budgetary institutions are not eligible for the JPA tax allowances anymore.
The targeted reliefs in the employers’ contributions are not considered in the Taxing Wages model.
Social security contributions will have to be paid on other benefits than gross earnings (e.g., grants in kind) and payments (e.g., certain kind of contracts).
3. Universal cash transfers
3.1. Transfers related to marital status
None.
3.2. Transfers for dependent children
Effective from 1 January 2008:
4. Main Changes in the Tax/benefit System Since 2010
-
The tax base correction was phased out in two steps.
-
The employee tax credit was abolished.
-
The employees’ health care contribution was increased.
-
The employers’ social security contributions were merged into the social contribution tax (legal change only, rates and base remained unchanged).
-
Health contributions on benefits in kind were increased.
-
As a temporary measure, a wage compensation scheme was in effect in the form of an employers’ SSC credit.
-
Targeted employment incentives to boost the employment levels of groups at the margin of the labour force.
-
The child tax allowance was extended in 2014 by allowing the deduction of the allowance from employees’ SSC.
-
The rate of the PIT decreased by 1 percentage point in 2016.
-
The rate of family tax benefit for families with two children is gradually increased from 2016 so that it will be doubled by 2019.
-
From 2017 the social contribution tax decreased to 22% and from 2018 subsequently to 19.5%.
5. Memorandum Items
5.1. Employer contributions to private social security arrangements
In Hungary the law dealing with the voluntary mutual insurance funds (like pension funds) was enacted on 6 December 1993. Based on the rules for 2017, the monthly contribution paid to a voluntary mutual fund (health or pension)by the employer of a private worker who participates in a voluntary fund, is not limited and it’s taxable according to an effective personal income tax rate of 17.7% (the nominal tax rate of 15% multiplied by 1.18) and an effective health contribution of 23.01% (the nominal tax rate of 19.5% multiplied by 1.18). Sponsor's donations paid by the employer to its employees’ voluntary mutual insurance fund are taxable as well. In addition, employees can apply a 20% tax credit with a limit of HUF 150 000 per year on payments made by the employees themselves. The tax authority pays the tax credit directly to a voluntary fund.
In general, insurance premiums (on the basis of which an employee is named as the recipient/beneficiary of insurance services) paid by the employer are taxable, and social security contributions plus training contribution are also payable. At the same time insurance premiums related to life insurance policy for accidental death, injury liability, or medical care insurance for full and permanent incapacity to work are exempted from taxation and any contributions.
As from 2008, employer pension institutions can be established. Based on the rules for 2017, the monthly contribution paid to an employer pension institution by the employer of a private worker is not limited and it’s taxable according to an effective personal income tax rate of 17.7% and an effective health contribution of 25.96%. From 2018 the effective health contribution is 23.01%.
2018 Tax equations
The equations for the Hungarian system in 2018 are mostly on an individual basis. But the child allowance can be split between the spouses and cash transfers are calculated only once. This is shown by the Range indicator in the table below.
The functions which are used in the equations (Taper, MIN, Tax etc) are described in the technical note about tax equations. Variable names are defined in the table of parameters above, within the equations table, or are the standard variables "married" and "children". A reference to a variable with the affix "_total" indicates the sum of the relevant variable values for the principal and spouse. And the affixes "_princ" and "_spouse" indicate the value for the principal and spouse, respectively. Equations for a single person are as shown for the principal, with "_spouse" values taken as 0.