Annex B. Details on occupations

This Annex contains four main tables:

Average monthly online job postings in Alberta by occupation and period of analysis
Top 5 most relevant skills by occupation
Typical Education qualification by occupation
Typical CIP code by occupation

Table A B.1. Average monthly online job postings in Alberta by occupation and period of analysis
Lightcast occupational code	Occupation title	Average monthly online job postings January 2015- December 2016	Average monthly online job postings January 2017- February 2020	Average monthly online job postings March 2020- December 2020	Average monthly online job postings January 2021- September 2022	Highest/ lowest growth quintile
11-1021.91	Operations Manager / Supervisor	56.6	57.4	45.8	99.3
11-1021.92	General Manager	57.3	46.4	31.9	62.8
11-2021.91	Marketing Manager	31.3	32.2	45.1	75.9	H
11-2021.92	Product Manager	8.6	11.0	13.7	29.9	H
11-2022.00	Business Development / Sales Manager	173.8	141.6	100.5	179.9
11-2031.91	Communications / Public Relations Manager	12.8	13.5	11.7	28.9
11-3011.92	Administrative Manager	17.6	14.8	13.9	40.5
11-3031.00	Financial Manager	52.9	58.0	44.4	82.1
11-3031.01	Treasurer / Controller	51.0	35.4	26.8	57.4
11-3031.93	Banking Branch Manager	39.2	24.3	13.0	29.1	L
11-3121.92	Human Resources Manager	30.8	31.0	17.9	57.8	L
11-9021.00	Construction Manager	90.8	68.5	52.0	116.2
11-9033.00	College / University Administrator	40.3	46.5	27.4	63.6	L
11-9041.00	Engineering Manager	29.3	29.6	14.7	37.4	L
11-9051.00	Restaurant / Food Service Manager	131.2	90.3	89.0	179.9
11-9111.00	Healthcare Administrator	23.3	26.1	29.1	55.0	H
11-9141.91	Property / Real Estate / Community Manager	42.0	36.4	36.6	62.3
11-9199.00	Program Manager	18.7	23.2	16.4	43.2
13-1021.00	Buyer / Purchasing Agent	27.6	43.8	20.0	54.5	L
13-1051.00	Estimator	54.7	41.5	30.7	72.7
13-1071.91	Recruiter	36.9	47.2	26.4	87.6	L
13-1071.92	Human Resources / Labour Relations Specialist	73.1	94.4	57.7	172.5	L
13-1111.00	Business / Management Analyst	92.6	135.1	104.7	178.3
13-1121.00	Event Planner	20.4	22.0	10.8	39.5	L
13-1151.00	Training and Development Specialist	19.0	27.4	18.6	39.7
13-1161.00	Marketing Specialist	43.1	47.2	54.0	105.1	H
13-2011.02	Auditor	19.8	18.4	14.2	26.2
13-2011.93	Accountant	96.3	97.5	57.1	115.2	L
13-2011.94	Account Manager / Representative	107.3	94.3	61.6	112.3
13-2051.00	Financial Analyst	41.6	60.4	34.9	93.6	L
13-2052.00	Personal Financial Advisor	70.5	80.5	53.9	111.1
13-2072.00	Loan Officer	20.5	20.7	18.9	28.6
15-1121.00	Systems Analyst	67.2	87.9	64.5	103.6
15-1122.00	Cyber / Information Security Engineer / Analyst	24.2	31.1	26.6	48.1
15-1131.00	Software Developer / Engineer	135.3	201.8	198.5	294.1
15-1131.91	Computer Programmer	24.9	22.0	17.3	25.8
15-1133.00	Computer Systems Engineer / Architect	14.0	22.5	19.1	21.8
15-1134.92	Web Developer	30.6	29.9	32.8	48.0
15-1134.93	UI / UX Designer / Developer	7.3	10.8	13.0	18.4	H
15-1141.00	Database Administrator	20.7	23.8	18.6	33.5
15-1142.00	Network / Systems Administrator	31.1	34.2	23.5	42.1
15-1151.00	Computer Support Specialist	57.1	74.3	47.5	107.7
15-1199.01	Software QA Engineer / Tester	25.2	39.8	31.5	47.3
15-1199.02	Network Engineer / Architect	30.3	31.8	20.9	44.4
15-1199.09	Project Manager	117.8	139.0	99.3	204.7
15-1199.91	Data / Data Mining Analyst	12.3	25.2	16.3	39.1
15-1199.93	Business Intelligence Analyst	14.5	24.7	12.9	30.6	L
15-1199.95	IT Project Manager	38.8	56.7	44.2	88.3
17-2051.00	Civil Engineer	42.6	64.2	34.5	83.5	L
17-2071.00	Electrical Engineer	23.1	30.9	15.9	43.7	L
17-2141.00	Mechanical Engineer	38.9	55.3	25.5	67.2	L
17-3023.00	Electrical and Electronics Technician	24.6	27.3	14.5	42.8	L
17-3027.00	Industrial / Mechanical Engineering Technician	39.8	46.7	30.9	47.3
21-1014.00	Mental Health / Behavioural Counselor	24.9	17.2	15.7	34.4
21-1021.00	Family / School / General Social Worker	24.5	17.5	16.9	37.8
23-1011.00	Attorney	19.5	27.4	22.6	45.8
23-2011.00	Paralegal / Legal Assistant	30.4	34.4	34.0	64.1
25-1199.91	College Professor / Instructor	80.8	103.6	103.6	165.7
25-2011.00	Preschool / Childcare Teacher	52.2	84.2	53.6	132.7
25-2021.00	Elementary School Teacher	23.2	10.4	10.7	32.0
25-4013.00	Researcher / Research Associate	27.0	28.1	23.1	44.4
27-1024.00	Graphic Designer / Desktop Publisher	19.5	13.5	11.4	24.3
27-1026.92	Merchandiser / Ad Set Associate	77.3	63.1	52.0	98.9
27-3031.94	Public Relations / Communications Specialist	35.9	42.7	26.1	75.7	L
29-1051.00	Pharmacist / Pharmacy Director	43.6	32.1	18.6	45.9	L
29-1062.00	Physician	17.3	12.4	20.4	26.2	H
29-1141.00	Registered Nurse	97.2	60.3	65.0	104.5
29-2012.00	Laboratory Technician	26.0	34.1	36.1	55.6
29-2052.00	Pharmacy Technician	21.0	13.6	11.6	21.0
29-2061.00	Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse	64.0	35.2	71.7	74.1	H
29-9012.00	Safety Specialist / Co-ordinator	29.9	31.9	21.1	63.5
31-1011.00	Home Health Aide	18.8	34.1	94.1	120.4	H
31-1015.00	Patient Transporter	2.9	1.5	1.5	1.8
31-9095.00	Pharmacy Aide	48.0	30.9	37.9	48.9	H
33-1099.00	Loss Prevention / Asset Protection Specialist	33.1	20.8	19.5	26.8
33-9032.00	Security Officer	51.0	60.0	90.1	104.8	H
35-1011.00	Chef	46.5	32.9	22.5	78.2
35-1012.00	Restaurant / Food Service Supervisor	351.3	349.6	360.7	542.4
35-2011.00	Cook	303.3	298.0	340.3	719.0	H
35-2021.00	Kitchen Staff	43.7	32.9	25.7	96.9
35-3011.00	Bartender	15.7	17.8	16.2	66.5
35-3021.00	Food Service Team Member	156.5	88.8	85.9	263.4
35-3031.00	Waiter / Waitress	69.4	63.2	55.4	183.9
35-9021.00	Dishwasher	16.5	17.9	12.5	59.4
35-9031.00	Host / Hostess	17.3	20.3	15.8	49.9
37-2011.00	Janitor / Cleaner	77.1	85.9	142.8	210.1	H
37-2012.00	Maid / Housekeeping Staff	68.1	80.4	105.7	225.0	H
37-3011.00	Landscaping / Groundskeeping Worker	30.3	35.6	58.0	107.1	H
39-5012.00	Barber / Hair Stylist / Cosmetologist	53.5	25.9	35.3	56.1	H
39-9011.01	Nanny / Babysitter	171.0	244.2	93.2	189.8	L
39-9021.00	Caregiver / Personal Care Aide	195.5	130.8	86.9	93.8
39-9031.00	Personal Trainer / Fitness Instructor	16.1	16.0	12.6	32.1
39-9032.00	Recreation / Activities Worker	16.5	20.0	15.7	35.5
41-1011.00	Retail Store Manager / Supervisor	473.8	396.2	381.7	604.7
41-1012.00	Sales Supervisor	20.1	26.2	25.0	50.7
41-2011.00	Cashier	201.8	109.0	82.9	168.8
41-2022.00	Parts Specialist / Salesperson	13.9	18.1	17.8	45.6
41-2031.00	Retail Sales Associate	511.9	440.3	351.0	716.7
41-3021.00	Insurance Sales Agent	25.8	22.1	24.0	70.8
41-3031.00	Financial Services Sales Agent	23.8	24.4	11.5	21.0	L
41-4011.00	Sales Representative	348.8	374.9	234.6	453.3	L
41-4011.92	Technical Sales Representative	38.3	28.7	14.9	30.6	L
41-9011.00	Product Demonstrator	26.0	27.3	12.7	35.7	L
41-9021.00	Real Estate Agent / Broker	21.9	28.7	27.3	45.6
41-9099.91	Sales Assistant	13.5	18.0	13.6	27.8
43-1011.91	Office Manager	41.1	35.9	28.1	70.8
43-1011.92	Customer Service Manager	22.3	19.9	15.6	30.9
43-3031.00	Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk	132.9	159.4	138.8	328.8
43-3051.00	Payroll Specialist	29.9	33.5	22.9	47.4
43-4051.00	Customer Service Representative	233.3	260.4	199.8	450.3
43-4081.00	Hotel Desk Clerk	51.1	51.5	39.2	124.6
43-4171.00	Receptionist	77.2	68.4	53.0	146.5
43-5031.00	Dispatcher	14.3	28.1	26.1	48.3
43-5061.00	Scheduler / Operations Co-ordinator	37.1	61.9	39.1	97.0
43-5071.00	Shipping / Receiving Clerk	53.6	57.9	55.9	124.2
43-5081.00	Inventory Associate	26.5	35.9	48.2	72.2	H
43-5081.01	Stocking Clerk / Sales Floor Support	95.5	62.1	62.6	85.2
43-5081.04	Order Processor / Order Entry Clerk	13.8	24.1	37.9	36.2	H
43-6011.91	Executive Assistant	42.8	34.2	21.0	46.3	L
43-6011.92	Account Executive	44.5	48.1	21.7	40.8	L
43-6013.00	Medical Secretary	29.6	26.6	29.5	65.9	H
43-6014.00	Office / Administrative Assistant	309.1	386.6	355.4	726.5
43-9021.00	Data Entry Clerk	18.5	23.9	16.2	31.2
43-9051.00	Postal Service / Mail Room Worker	21.5	20.5	19.4	26.2
45-2092.00	Farm / Nursery / Greenhouse Worker	33.9	33.2	20.7	46.8	L
47-1011.00	Construction Foreman	30.1	26.9	33.3	75.2	H
47-2031.00	Carpenter	49.4	42.2	83.1	165.0	H
47-2061.00	Construction Helper / Worker	57.8	85.3	135.7	286.1	H
47-2111.00	Electrician	46.6	20.2	18.0	35.6
47-2141.00	Painter	22.4	23.0	41.1	62.8	H
49-1011.00	Maintenance / Service Supervisor	67.6	64.9	44.3	98.0
49-3021.00	Auto Body Technician	16.0	17.2	22.7	37.3	H
49-3023.00	Automotive Service Technician / Mechanic	91.4	99.9	111.1	209.3	H
49-3031.00	Diesel Mechanic	20.8	21.7	16.6	49.8
49-3042.00	Heavy Equipment Mechanic	54.0	56.9	33.0	101.7	L
49-9021.00	HVAC Mechanic / Installer	27.7	22.0	25.0	56.0	H
49-9041.00	Industrial Mechanic	11.7	9.1	5.1	18.1	L
49-9044.00	Millwright	32.0	21.5	12.8	30.9	L
49-9071.91	Building and General Maintenance Technician	49.1	57.0	56.5	146.5
49-9099.00	Repair / Service Technician	67.0	67.2	52.1	118.1
51-1011.91	Production Supervisor	23.9	21.9	22.6	35.0
51-1011.92	Production Plant Manager	17.1	13.2	11.2	21.8
51-3011.00	Baker	57.4	46.1	44.8	91.1
51-3021.00	Butcher / Meat Cutter	38.7	27.8	29.5	50.0
51-4041.00	Machinist	11.5	20.6	8.2	37.1	L
51-4121.00	Welder / Solderer	25.8	27.1	9.4	45.5	L
51-9012.92	Manufacturing Machine Operator	39.5	41.0	38.0	90.8
51-9061.00	Quality Inspector / Technician	44.7	53.9	21.6	58.3	L
51-9199.00	Production Worker	67.8	100.6	93.9	227.5
53-3021.00	Bus Driver	15.2	24.6	35.3	45.2	H
53-3031.00	Sales Delivery Driver	28.1	47.3	68.1	159.9	H
53-3032.00	Tractor-Trailer Truck Driver	125.9	214.9	256.8	510.7	H
53-3033.00	Light Truck Delivery Driver	46.0	79.4	80.7	201.1
53-7051.00	Forklift / Pallet Jack Operator	23.3	23.2	31.8	57.5	H
53-7062.00	Labourer / Warehouse Worker	136.1	210.8	303.5	542.6	H
53-7064.00	Packager	3.3	3.7	7.4	16.1	H
Note: Only occupations with an above average number of OJPs in January 2015-February 2020 period are shown. The last column shows an H is an occupation was among the 20% of occupations with the highest rate of growth in between the post-pandemic period, compared to the pandemic. It shows an L if an occupation was among the 20% of analysed occupations with the smallest growth rate, and nothing otherwise.
Source: OECD calculations based on Lightcast data.

Table A B.2. Top 5 most relevant skills by occupation
Occupation code	Occupation title	Skill 1	Skill 2	Skill 3	Skill 4	Skill 5
11-1021.91	Operations Manager / Supervisor	Operations management	Financial management	Appliance repair and maintenance	Budget management	Inventory metrics
11-1021.92	General Manager	Business strategy	Pipeline planning	Customer demand planning	Leadership and management	Financial management
11-2021.91	Marketing Manager	General marketing	Media strategy and planning	Marketing strategy	Online marketing	Pardot
11-2021.92	Product Manager	Product management	Product development	Data science	Software development principles	Cloud solutions
11-2022.00	Business Development / Sales Manager	Sales management	Customer retention analysis	Business strategy	Vantive	Data services industry knowledge
11-2031.91	Communications / Public Relations Manager	Business communications	Public relations	Social media tools	Social media	Journalism
11-3011.92	Administrative Manager	Business management	Finance	Business strategy	Process mapping tools	Procurement principles
11-3031.00	Financial Manager	Finance	Corporate accounting	Financial reporting	Financial analysis	General accounting
11-3031.01	Treasurer / Controller	General accounting	Corporate accounting	Financial analysis	Cost accounting	Financial accounting
11-3031.93	Banking Branch Manager	Sales management	Data services industry knowledge	Inside sales	Financial advisement	Banking industry knowledge
11-3121.92	Human Resources Manager	Human resource management systems	Employee relations	Payroll	Recruitment	Human resources systems
11-9021.00	Construction Manager	Construction management	Roofing	Construction inspection	Civil and architectural engineering	Road and bridge construction
11-9033.00	College / University Administrator	Conservation science	Higher education	Social media	Instructional and curriculum design	Online communications
11-9041.00	Engineering Manager	Engineering management	Engineering practices	Project management	Industrial engineering	Mechanical engineering
11-9051.00	Restaurant / Food Service Manager	Food and beverage industry knowledge	Food and beverage service	Customer service status reports	Fine dining experience	Store management
11-9111.00	Healthcare Administrator	Medical support	Basic patient care	Healthcare procedure and regulation	Oncology	Gastroenterology
11-9141.91	Property / Real Estate / Community Manager	Property management	Real estate and rental	Real estate industry knowledge	Financial efficiency	Management industry knowledge
11-9199.00	Program Manager	Program management	Business strategy	Financial management	Project management	Presentation skills
13-1021.00	Buyer / Purchasing Agent	Wholesale buying	Procurement	Supply chain management	Supplier relationship management	Supply chain planning
13-1051.00	Estimator	Estimating	Construction management	Project management software	Performance bonds	Construction industry knowledge
13-1071.91	Recruiter	Recruitment	Human resource management systems	Human resources software	Human resources industry knowledge	Sourcing best practices
13-1071.92	Human Resources / Labour Relations Specialist	Human resource management systems	Pagerduty	SAP successfactors	Sourcing technologies	Payroll services industry knowledge
13-1111.00	Business / Management Analyst	Business consulting	Business intelligence	Financial regulations	Financial services industry knowledge	Business process and analysis
13-1121.00	Event Planner	Event planning and management	Urban planning	Entertainment industry knowledge	Fundraising	Media strategy and planning
13-1151.00	Training and Development Specialist	Instructional and curriculum design	Training programs	Web content	Learning management systems	Multimedia
13-1161.00	Marketing Specialist	General marketing	Online marketing	Online advertising	Seo copywriting	Marketing strategy
13-2011.02	Auditor	Auditing	Financial risk management	Financial reporting	Financial accounting	Corporate accounting
13-2011.93	Accountant	General accounting	Cash flow reporting	Financial reporting	Specialised accounting	Accounts payable and receivable
13-2011.94	Account Manager / Representative	Account management	Inside sales	Technical sales	Order tracking in SAP	Data services industry knowledge
13-2051.00	Financial Analyst	Financial analysis	General accounting	Financial reporting	Corporate accounting	Ad hoc analysis and reporting
13-2052.00	Personal Financial Advisor	Financial advisement	Investment management	Carbon accounting	Financial services industry knowledge	Process mapping tools
13-2072.00	Loan Officer	Mortgage lending	Banking industry knowledge	Underwriting	Commercial lending	General lending
15-1121.00	Systems Analyst	IT management	Extensible languages	System design and implementation	SQL databases and programming	Software development methodologies
15-1122.00	Cyber / Information Security Engineer / Analyst	Cybersecurity	Information security	Government clearance and security standards	Nist cybersecurity framework	Open web application security project owasp
15-1131.00	Software Developer / Engineer	Software development principles	No SQL databases	Java	Programming principles	Typescript
15-1131.91	Computer Programmer	Java	C and c++	Object relational mapping orm	Nginx	Integrated development environments ides
15-1133.00	Computer Systems Engineer / Architect	System design and implementation	Software development principles	Software development methodologies	Network protocols	Firmware
15-1134.92	Web Developer	Web development	Javascript and jquery	It automation	No SQL databases	Typescript
15-1134.93	UI / UX Designer / Developer	User research	User interface and user experience ui ux design	Design thinking	Typescript	Telerik mobile app development platform
15-1141.00	Database Administrator	Data warehousing	SQL databases and programming	Scripting	Data dictionary system	Unix platforms
15-1142.00	Network / Systems Administrator	Network protocols	Network configuration	General networking	Systems administration	Virtual machines vm
15-1151.00	Computer Support Specialist	Network configuration	Operating systems	Network protocols	Help desk support	Hands on desktop fixes
15-1199.01	Software QA Engineer / Tester	Software quality assurance	Test automation	Software development principles	Java	Programming principles
15-1199.02	Network Engineer / Architect	It management	General networking	Microsoft certified professional azure	It automation	Distributed computing
15-1199.09	Project Manager	Project management software	Project management	Financial management	Budget management	Contract management
15-1199.91	Data / Data Mining Analyst	SQL databases and programming	Microsoft power bi	Data visualisation	Extraction	Data mining
15-1199.93	Business Intelligence Analyst	Business intelligence	SQL databases and programming	Microsoft power BI	Data warehousing	SAP
15-1199.95	IT Project Manager	Software development methodologies	IT management	Software development principles	Software quality assurance	Waterfall development process
17-2051.00	Civil Engineer	Civil and architectural engineering	Engineering software	Drafting and engineering design	Structural steel design	Geotechnical engineering
17-2071.00	Electrical Engineer	Electrical and computer engineering	Electrical power	Electrical construction	Engineering software	Mechanical engineering
17-2141.00	Mechanical Engineer	Mechanical engineering	Industrial engineering	Engineering practices	Solidworks	Electrical and computer engineering
17-3023.00	Electrical and Electronics Technician	Electrical construction	Schematic diagrams	Electronics industry knowledge	Electrical and computer engineering	Electrical power
17-3027.00	Industrial / Mechanical Engineering Technician	Basic electrical systems	Schematic diagrams	Electrical construction	Equipment repair and maintenance	Preventive maintenance
21-1014.00	Mental Health / Behavioural Counselor	Mental health therapies	Social work	Mental and behavioural health specialties	Advanced patient care	Cognitive behavioural therapy
21-1021.00	Family / School / General Social Worker	Social work	Social services industry knowledge	Mental health therapies	Child development	Advanced patient care
23-1011.00	Attorney	Litigation	Legal research	Legal databases	Litigation support software	Mergers and acquisitions
23-2011.00	Paralegal / Legal Assistant	Litigation	Dictation	Will preparation	Legal document proofreading	Legal and law enforcement industry knowledge
25-1199.91	College Professor / Instructor	Instructional and curriculum design	Education administration	Teaching	Learning management systems	Economic development
25-2011.00	Preschool / Childcare Teacher	Childhood education and development	Childcare	Child development	Child CPR	Changing diapers
25-2021.00	Elementary School Teacher	Teaching	Childcare	Emergency and intensive care	First aid	Speech language pathology
25-4013.00	Researcher / Research Associate	Research methodology	Research	Drug design	Data analysis	Molecular cloning
27-1024.00	Graphic Designer / Desktop Publisher	Graphic and visual design	Art and illustration	Graphic and visual design software	Web design	Creative design
27-1026.92	Merchandiser / Ad Set Associate	Merchandising	Retail industry knowledge	Store management	Personal care industry knowledge	Retail store operations
27-3031.94	Public Relations / Communications Specialist	Public relations	Business communications	General marketing	Journalism	Social media tools
29-1051.00	Pharmacist / Pharmacy Director	Pharmacy	Prescription compounding	Intake co-ordination	Prescription filing	Basic patient care
29-1062.00	Physician	Obstetrics and gynecology obgyn	Neurology	Surgery	Pediatrics	General medicine
29-1141.00	Registered Nurse	Pediatrics	Medical support	Basic patient care	Advanced patient care	Central lines
29-2012.00	Laboratory Technician	Laboratory research	Blood collection	Specimen processing	Chemical analysis	Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
29-2052.00	Pharmacy Technician	Prescription compounding	Pharmacy	Benzodiazepines	Blister packaging	Pharmaceuticals labeling
29-2061.00	Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse	Pediatrics	Advanced patient care	Medical support	Geriatrics	Patient education and support
29-9012.00	Safety Specialist / Co-ordinator	Occupational hygiene	Hazard identification	Occupational health and safety	Hazardous waste management	Emergency response planning
31-1011.00	Home Health Aide	Basic living activities support	Healthy meal preparation	Geriatrics	Mental health diseases and disorders	Medical support
31-1015.00	Patient Transporter	Medical support	Influenza immunisation	Patient physical measurements	Prevention of unauthorised entry	Tuberculosis skin test
31-9095.00	Pharmacy Aide	Pharmacy	Drug storage	Pharmaceuticals labeling	Prescription compounding	Blister packaging
33-1099.00	Loss Prevention / Asset Protection Specialist	Loss prevention	Physical security	Law enforcement and criminal justice	Government clearance and security standards	Internet security
33-9032.00	Security Officer	Physical security	Internet security	Transportation security	Prevention of unauthorised entry	Communications industry security
35-1011.00	Chef	Allergies	Food and beverage service	Fine dining experience	Food allergy	Hospitality and leisure industry knowledge
35-1012.00	Restaurant / Food Service Supervisor	Food and beverage service	Manometers	Staff relations	Generator installation	Insulating materials
35-2011.00	Cook	Food and beverage service	Allergies	Thai	Food and beverage industry knowledge	Fine dining experience
35-2021.00	Kitchen Staff	Food and beverage service	Food and beverage industry knowledge	Work area maintenance	Allergies	Thai
35-3011.00	Bartender	Food and beverage service	Fine dining experience	Food and beverage industry knowledge	Cash register operation	Hospitality and leisure industry knowledge
35-3021.00	Food Service Team Member	Food and beverage service	Food and beverage industry knowledge	Work area maintenance	Process mapping tools	Retail store operations
35-3031.00	Waiter / Waitress	Bill preparation	Food and beverage industry knowledge	Fine dining experience	Allergic reaction	Hospitality and leisure industry knowledge
35-9021.00	Dishwasher	Food and beverage service	Food and beverage industry knowledge	Work area maintenance	Power hoists	Thai
35-9031.00	Host / Hostess	Bill preparation	Fine dining experience	Hospitality and leisure industry knowledge	Wideorbit automation	Macromedia lingo
37-2011.00	Janitor / Cleaner	Furniture moving	Housekeeping	Infection control protocol	Cleaning	Pressure washers
37-2012.00	Maid / Housekeeping Staff	Housekeeping	Furniture moving	Process mapping tools	Food and beverage service	Cleaning
37-3011.00	Landscaping / Groundskeeping Worker	Landscaping and yard care	Oral irrigation	Skid steer loader	Grass cutting	Rototillers
39-5012.00	Barber / Hair Stylist / Cosmetologist	Personal care	Cosmetics industry knowledge	Skin conditions	Joint conditions	Retail store operations
39-9011.01	Nanny / Babysitter	Childcare	Child development	Childhood education and development	Changing diapers	Down syndrome
39-9021.00	Caregiver / Personal Care Aide	Basic living activities support	Geriatrics	Housekeeping	Mental health diseases and disorders	Healthy meal preparation
39-9031.00	Personal Trainer / Fitness Instructor	Exercise training	Emergency and intensive care	Coaching and athletic training	Calendar software	Osteoarthritis
39-9032.00	Recreation / Activities Worker	Child development	Childhood education and development	Program management	Archery	Music
41-1011.00	Retail Store Manager / Supervisor	Store management	Merchandising	Retail industry knowledge	Retail store operations	Retail sales
41-1012.00	Sales Supervisor	General sales	Account management	Sales management	Company product and service knowledge	Prospecting and qualification
41-2011.00	Cashier	Cash register operation	Merchandising	Retail industry knowledge	Payment processing and collection	Customer service status reports
41-2022.00	Parts Specialist / Salesperson	Ingres openroad	Inventory management	Sales analysis	Receiving functions	Automotive repair industry knowledge
41-2031.00	Retail Sales Associate	Retail sales	General sales practices	Retail industry knowledge	Retail store operations	General sales
41-3021.00	Insurance Sales Agent	Insurance sales	Underwriting	Property and casualty insurance sales	Small business service	Mortgage lending
41-3031.00	Financial Services Sales Agent	Banking services	Financial advisement	Segregated funds	Financial lending industry knowledge	Financial services industry knowledge
41-4011.00	Sales Representative	General sales	Specialised sales	Inside sales	Marketing software	B2b advertising
41-4011.92	Technical Sales Representative	Technical sales	Technical demonstrations	Inside sales	Prospecting and qualification	Solution sales engineering
41-9011.00	Product Demonstrator	Brand management	Brand loyalty	Audio board	Equipment implementation	Macromedia lingo
41-9021.00	Real Estate Agent / Broker	Real estate and rental	Property management	Real estate industry knowledge	Due diligence	Vanity installation
41-9099.91	Sales Assistant	Inside sales	General sales	Company product and service knowledge	General sales practices	Order management
43-1011.91	Office Manager	Office management	General accounting	Ad hoc analysis and reporting	Business management	Performance management
43-1011.92	Customer Service Manager	Clarizen	Account management	Data services industry knowledge	Business to business b2b sales	General sales
43-3031.00	Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk	Accounts payable and receivable	General accounting	Simply accounting	Accounting and finance software	Office management
43-3051.00	Payroll Specialist	Payroll	Deductions	Human resource management systems	Ultipro	Canadian payroll
43-4051.00	Customer Service Representative	Inside sales	Customer service status reports	Credit debit card processing	Monitoring road conditions	Service failure reporting
43-4081.00	Hotel Desk Clerk	Hospitality and leisure industry knowledge	Telephone skills	Office management	Cash register operation	Active alpha generation
43-4171.00	Receptionist	Administrative support	Office management	Telephone skills	Payment processing and collection	Alternative distribution channels
43-5031.00	Dispatcher	Monitoring road conditions	Radio frequency equipment	Order tracking in SAP	Ground transportation industry knowledge	Emergency services
43-5061.00	Scheduler / Operations Co-ordinator	Logistics	Supply chain management	Project management software	Transportation operations management	Supply chain planning
43-5071.00	Shipping / Receiving Clerk	General shipping and receiving	Stock counting	Warehouse management	Purchase order reconciliation	Material handling
43-5081.00	Inventory Associate	General shipping and receiving	Material handling	Inventory management	Warehouse management	Centura
43-5081.01	Stocking Clerk / Sales Floor Support	Merchandising	Store management	Shrinkage management	Inventory management	Customer service status reports
43-5081.04	Order Processor / Order Entry Clerk	Order management	General shipping and receiving	Material handling	E commerce	Stock counting
43-6011.91	Executive Assistant	Myob	Organizing office supplies	Filing pleadings	Legal document editing	Fixed asset register
43-6011.92	Account Executive	Account management	Business to business b2b sales	Solution sales engineering	General sales	Marketing software
43-6013.00	Medical Secretary	Medical records	Basic patient care	Office management	Patient reception	Treatment room preparation
43-6014.00	Office / Administrative Assistant	Administrative support	Office management	Myob	Typing	Organizing office supplies
43-9021.00	Data Entry Clerk	Typing	Health records	General administrative and clerical tasks	Office machines	Organizing office supplies
43-9051.00	Postal Service / Mail Room Worker	Postal services industry knowledge	Accounting and finance software	Fault codes	Outside sales	Benzodiazepines
45-2092.00	Farm / Nursery / Greenhouse Worker	Disease detection	Agronomy and farming	Tillage	Manure spreaders	Planting drills
47-1011.00	Construction Foreman	Construction management	Road and bridge construction	Skid steer loader	Road construction	Pneumatic hammers
47-2031.00	Carpenter	Carpentry	Window and door installation	Construction carpentry	Deck building	Shingle replacement
47-2061.00	Construction Helper / Worker	Construction labour	Road and bridge construction	Construction management	Roofing	Road construction
47-2111.00	Electrician	Industrial electrical experience	Basic electrical systems	Electrical construction	Electrical power	Conduits
47-2141.00	Painter	Construction painting	Brush painting	Painting	Painting art	Automotive painting
49-1011.00	Maintenance / Service Supervisor	Facility management and maintenance	Estimating	Lean manufacturing	Repair	Preventive maintenance
49-3021.00	Auto Body Technician	Automotive painting	Body panel repair	Frame straightening	Machine tending	Vehicle repair and maintenance
49-3023.00	Automotive Service Technician / Mechanic	Automotive repair industry knowledge	Vehicle repair and maintenance	Frame straightening	Mining services	Automotive industry knowledge
49-3031.00	Diesel Mechanic	Vehicle repair and maintenance	Frame straightening	Automotive repair industry knowledge	Ground transportation industry knowledge	Headlight replacement
49-3042.00	Heavy Equipment Mechanic	Heavy equipment	Lubrication systems	Repair	Equipment repair and maintenance	Automotive repair industry knowledge
49-9021.00	HVAC Mechanic / Installer	Hvac	Electrical construction	Ventilation	Plumbing	Insulation
49-9041.00	Industrial Mechanic	Industrial engineering industry knowledge	Repair	Industrial electrical experience	Machinery	Material handling
49-9044.00	Millwright	Welding	Industrial electrical experience	Machine tools	Gear alignment	Preventive maintenance
49-9071.91	Building and General Maintenance Technician	Plumbing	Facility management and maintenance	Landscaping and yard care	Drywall	Equipment repair and maintenance
49-9099.00	Repair / Service Technician	Equipment repair and maintenance	Repair	Printer repair	Plumbing	Basic electrical systems
51-1011.91	Production Supervisor	Lean manufacturing	Manufacturing processes	Trucking operations	Pollution control systems	Inspecting freight cars
51-1011.92	Production Plant Manager	Manufacturing processes	Manufacturing and production industry knowledge	Operations management	Lean manufacturing	Radial drills
51-3011.00	Baker	Allergies	Food and beverage service	Viscera	Work area maintenance	Thai
51-3021.00	Butcher / Meat Cutter	Viscera	Retail store operations	Food and beverage service	Work area maintenance	Shrinkage management
51-4041.00	Machinist	Machine tools	Computer aided manufacturing	Sawing machines	Radial drills	Powermill
51-4121.00	Welder / Solderer	Welding blueprints	Flame cutting equipment	Industrial welding	Welding	Brazing and soldering
51-9012.92	Manufacturing Machine Operator	Machine tools	Sawing machines	Hand tools	Oil drilling	Metal fabrication
51-9061.00	Quality Inspector / Technician	Quality assurance and control	Manufacturing standards	Packaging procedures	Plastics material industry knowledge	Sensory analysis
51-9199.00	Production Worker	Hand tools	Machine tools	Machine tending	Machine setting	Jigsaws
53-3021.00	Bus Driver	Transportation operations	Accident procedures	Streetcars	Bus safety	Vehicle repair and maintenance
53-3031.00	Sales Delivery Driver	Product delivery	Transportation industry knowledge	Transportation operations	Material handling	Household appliances industry knowledge
53-3032.00	Tractor-Trailer Truck Driver	Transportation operations	Load security	Product delivery	Weigh station	Heavy hauling
53-3033.00	Light Truck Delivery Driver	Transportation operations	Product delivery	Heavy hauling	Heavy equipment	Load security
53-7051.00	Forklift / Pallet Jack Operator	Material handling	General shipping and receiving	Hand tools	Machinery	Warehouse management
53-7062.00	Labourer / Warehouse Worker	Material handling	Purchase order reconciliation	Machinery	Rf scan gun	Warehouse management
53-7064.00	Packager	Material handling	General shipping and receiving	Purchase order reconciliation	Stock counting	Metal fabrication
Note: Skills in the table’s columns are ordered by their relevance for the occupation at hand. Skill relevance score are inferred by applying natural language processing (NLP) algorithms to the analysis of online job postings for Canada. The ranking is based on the cosine similarity between each skill keyword vector representation and the vector representation of the occupation.
Source: OECD calculations based on Lightcast data.

Table A B.3. Typical education requirement by occupation
Canada, 2015-2022
Occupation code	Occupation title	1^st most likely requirement	2^nd most likely requirement	3^rd most likely requirement	Percentage N/A
43-6011.92	Account Executive	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor of Science	64.4%
13-2011.94	Account Manager / Representative	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor of Science	59.1%
13-2011.93	Accountant	Bachelor’s	Chartered Accountant	Bachelor’s in Accounting	65.8%
11-3011.92	Administrative Manager	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	64.5%
23-1011.00	Attorney	Juris Doctor	Doctorate	Master of Business Administration	79.8%
13-2011.02	Auditor	Bachelor’s	Chartered Accountant	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	58.8%
49-3021.00	Auto Body Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Secondary	88.9%
49-3023.00	Automotive Service Technician / Mechanic	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	81.4%
51-3011.00	Baker	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	87.4%
11-3031.93	Banking Branch Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor of Arts	58.5%
39-5012.00	Barber / Hair Stylist / Cosmetologist	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	91.8%
35-3011.00	Bartender	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	90.2%
43-3031.00	Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	69.8%
49-9071.91	Building and General Maintenance Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Associate’s	75.2%
53-3021.00	Bus Driver	Higher Secondary Certificate	Secondary	Juris Doctor	95.1%
13-1111.00	Business / Management Analyst	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Arts	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	52.2%
11-2022.00	Business Development / Sales Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	52.1%
15-1199.93	Business Intelligence Analyst	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Arts	45.4%
51-3021.00	Butcher / Meat Cutter	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Secondary	90.7%
13-1021.00	Buyer / Purchasing Agent	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	63.8%
39-9021.00	Caregiver / Personal Care Aide	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	73.5%
47-2031.00	Carpenter	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	86.6%
41-2011.00	Cashier	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	88.3%
35-1011.00	Chef	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	82.6%
17-2051.00	Civil Engineer	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science	Master’s	44.2%
11-9033.00	College / University Administrator	Bachelor’s	Master’s	Graduate Degree	56.2%
25-1199.91	College Professor / Instructor	Doctor of Philosophy	Bachelor’s	Master’s	40.2%
11-2031.91	Communications / Public Relations Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	49.2%
15-1131.91	Computer Programmer	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Higher Secondary Certificate	64.2%
15-1151.00	Computer Support Specialist	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Higher Secondary Certificate	66.7%
15-1133.00	Computer Systems Engineer / Architect	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Science	46.3%
47-1011.00	Construction Foreman	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	76.2%
47-2061.00	Construction Helper / Worker	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	87.6%
11-9021.00	Construction Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	66.6%
35-2011.00	Cook	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Associate’s	83.0%
43-1011.92	Customer Service Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	66.6%
43-4051.00	Customer Service Representative	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	High School Equivalency	70.5%
15-1122.00	Cyber / Information Security Engineer / Analyst	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Higher Secondary Certificate	48.0%
15-1199.91	Data / Data Mining Analyst	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Master’s	46.4%
43-9021.00	Data Entry Clerk	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	76.5%
15-1141.00	Database Administrator	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Higher Secondary Certificate	59.9%
49-3031.00	Diesel Mechanic	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	83.4%
35-9021.00	Dishwasher	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	92.4%
43-5031.00	Dispatcher	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Master’s	72.5%
17-3023.00	Electrical and Electronics Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	75.6%
17-2071.00	Electrical Engineer	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science	Master’s	48.9%
47-2111.00	Electrician	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	82.4%
25-2021.00	Elementary School Teacher	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Education	Master’s	76.4%
11-9041.00	Engineering Manager	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	50.0%
13-1051.00	Estimator	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	70.7%
13-1121.00	Event Planner	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	65.5%
43-6011.91	Executive Assistant	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	74.0%
21-1021.00	Family / School / General Social Worker	Bachelor’s	Master’s	Master of Social Work	50.5%
45-2092.00	Farm / Nursery / Greenhouse Worker	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	93.0%
13-2051.00	Financial Analyst	Bachelor’s	Master of Business Administration	Bachelor’s in Business	46.1%
11-3031.00	Financial Manager	Bachelor’s	Master of Business Administration	Higher Secondary Certificate	56.3%
41-3031.00	Financial Services Sales Agent	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	76.5%
35-3021.00	Food Service Team Member	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	86.1%
53-7051.00	Forklift / Pallet Jack Operator	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Bachelor of Arts	81.7%
11-1021.92	General Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Master’s	52.3%
27-1024.00	Graphic Designer / Desktop Publisher	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	69.5%
11-9111.00	Healthcare Administrator	Bachelor’s	Master’s	Bachelor of Science	44.6%
49-3042.00	Heavy Equipment Mechanic	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	General Equivalency Degree	82.2%
31-1011.00	Home Health Aide	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	85.7%
35-9031.00	Host / Hostess	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Juris Doctor	89.8%
43-4081.00	Hotel Desk Clerk	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	74.0%
13-1071.92	Human Resources / Labour Relations Specialist	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	53.4%
11-3121.92	Human Resources Manager	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	48.1%
49-9021.00	HVAC Mechanic / Installer	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	78.4%
17-3027.00	Industrial / Mechanical Engineering Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	74.9%
49-9041.00	Industrial Mechanic	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Master of Science	88.4%
41-3021.00	Insurance Sales Agent	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	72.8%
43-5081.00	Inventory Associate	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Bachelor’s	72.4%
15-1199.95	IT Project Manager	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Master’s	48.2%
37-2011.00	Janitor / Cleaner	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	85.2%
35-2021.00	Kitchen Staff	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	89.8%
29-2012.00	Laboratory Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science	63.5%
53-7062.00	Labourer / Warehouse Worker	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Associate’s	75.6%
37-3011.00	Landscaping / Groundskeeping Worker	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Associate’s	86.6%
29-2061.00	Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse	Associate’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	91.1%
53-3033.00	Light Truck Delivery Driver	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	83.3%
13-2072.00	Loan Officer	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	78.1%
33-1099.00	Loss Prevention / Asset Protection Specialist	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	63.5%
51-4041.00	Machinist	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	81.0%
37-2012.00	Maid / Housekeeping Staff	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Master’s	89.5%
49-1011.00	Maintenance / Service Supervisor	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	69.7%
51-9012.92	Manufacturing Machine Operator	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Bachelor’s	75.7%
11-2021.91	Marketing Manager	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	46.9%
13-1161.00	Marketing Specialist	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	Bachelor of Science	61.4%
17-2141.00	Mechanical Engineer	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science	Master’s	50.1%
43-6013.00	Medical Secretary	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	73.4%
21-1014.00	Mental Health / Behavioural Counselor	Bachelor’s	Master’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	40.9%
27-1026.92	Merchandiser / Ad Set Associate	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	High School Equivalency	69.6%
49-9044.00	Millwright	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	General Equivalency Degree	82.8%
39-9011.01	Nanny / Babysitter	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor of Arts	90.4%
15-1142.00	Network / Systems Administrator	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Associate’s	63.4%
15-1199.02	Network Engineer / Architect	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Science	52.6%
43-6014.00	Office / Administrative Assistant	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	72.6%
43-1011.91	Office Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	59.5%
11-1021.91	Operations Manager / Supervisor	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	54.8%
43-5081.04	Order Processor / Order Entry Clerk	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	High School Equivalency	80.7%
53-7064.00	Packager	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Associate’s	79.3%
47-2141.00	Painter	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	87.2%
23-2011.00	Paralegal / Legal Assistant	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	85.5%
41-2022.00	Parts Specialist / Salesperson	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	83.1%
31-1015.00	Patient Transporter	Higher Secondary Certificate	Secondary	Secondary	98.5%
43-3051.00	Payroll Specialist	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	77.8%
13-2052.00	Personal Financial Advisor	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	76.5%
39-9031.00	Personal Trainer / Fitness Instructor	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	57.8%
29-1051.00	Pharmacist / Pharmacy Director	Doctor Of Pharmacy	Master’s	Doctorate	97.2%
31-9095.00	Pharmacy Aide	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Secondary	86.3%
29-2052.00	Pharmacy Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	92.3%
29-1062.00	Physician	Doctorate	Doctor of Medicine	Doctor of Philosophy	85.9%
43-9051.00	Postal Service / Mail Room Worker	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Master of Business Administration	57.4%
25-2011.00	Preschool / Childcare Teacher	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	76.0%
41-9011.00	Product Demonstrator	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Arts	75.6%
11-2021.92	Product Manager	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Science	40.1%
51-1011.92	Production Plant Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	58.0%
51-1011.91	Production Supervisor	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	66.5%
51-9199.00	Production Worker	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Bachelor’s	77.1%
11-9199.00	Program Manager	Bachelor’s	Master’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	44.9%
15-1199.09	Project Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	55.1%
11-9141.91	Property / Real Estate / Community Manager	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	70.9%
27-3031.94	Public Relations / Communications Specialist	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	Master’s	59.1%
51-9061.00	Quality Inspector / Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	50.2%
41-9021.00	Real Estate Agent / Broker	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	72.2%
43-4171.00	Receptionist	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	80.9%
39-9032.00	Recreation / Activities Worker	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	77.9%
13-1071.91	Recruiter	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	61.9%
29-1141.00	Registered Nurse	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science	48.0%
49-9099.00	Repair / Service Technician	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	High School Equivalency	78.0%
25-4013.00	Researcher / Research Associate	Bachelor’s	Master’s	Doctor of Philosophy	40.9%
11-9051.00	Restaurant / Food Service Manager	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	71.1%
35-1012.00	Restaurant / Food Service Supervisor	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	73.7%
41-2031.00	Retail Sales Associate	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	High School Equivalency	75.2%
41-1011.00	Retail Store Manager / Supervisor	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Associate’s	69.3%
29-9012.00	Safety Specialist / Co-ordinator	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	65.0%
41-9099.91	Sales Assistant	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	73.4%
53-3031.00	Sales Delivery Driver	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	85.8%
41-4011.00	Sales Representative	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	69.6%
41-1012.00	Sales Supervisor	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	67.5%
43-5061.00	Scheduler / Operations Co-ordinator	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	68.4%
33-9032.00	Security Officer	Higher Secondary Certificate	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science in Technology	65.3%
43-5071.00	Shipping / Receiving Clerk	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Bachelor’s	73.5%
15-1131.00	Software Developer / Engineer	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Science	51.4%
15-1199.01	Software QA Engineer / Tester	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Science	56.3%
43-5081.01	Stocking Clerk / Sales Floor Support	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	88.8%
15-1121.00	Systems Analyst	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Arts	53.2%
41-4011.92	Technical Sales Representative	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	59.3%
53-3032.00	Tractor-Trailer Truck Driver	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	Master’s	85.6%
13-1151.00	Training and Development Specialist	Bachelor’s	Higher Secondary Certificate	Master’s	58.3%
11-3031.01	Treasurer / Controller	Bachelor’s	Master of Business Administration	Bachelor of Science	65.0%
15-1134.93	UI / UX Designer / Developer	Bachelor’s	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor of Science	60.1%
35-3031.00	Waiter / Waitress	Higher Secondary Certificate	High School Equivalency	General Equivalency Degree	86.4%
15-1134.92	Web Developer	Bachelor’s in Computer Science	Bachelor’s	Bachelor of Science	62.7%
51-4121.00	Welder / Solderer	Higher Secondary Certificate	Associate’s	Bachelor’s	84.9%
Source: OECD calculations based on Lightcast data.

Table A B.4. Typical CIP code by occupation
Canada, 2015-2022
Occupation code	Occupation title	CIP 1^st	CIP 2^nd	CIP 3^rd	Percentage N/A
11-1021.91	Operations Manager / Supervisor	52.0201	14.0101	52.0801	67.4%
11-1021.92	General Manager	52.0201	14.0101	52.0801	50.7%
11-2021.91	Marketing Manager	52.0201	52.1401	9.01	68.3%
11-2021.92	Product Manager	52.0201	11.0701	14.0101	62.9%
11-2022.00	Business Development / Sales Manager	52.0201	52.1401	14.0101	64.7%
11-2031.91	Communications / Public Relations Manager	9.01	52.1401	9.09	77.5%
11-3011.92	Administrative Manager	52.0201	44.0401	44.04	47.9%
11-3031.00	Financial Manager	52.0201	52.0301	52.0801	39.7%
11-3031.01	Treasurer / Controller	52.0301	52.0201	52.0801	63.6%
11-3031.93	Banking Branch Manager	52.0201	52.0801	52.1401	37.7%
11-3121.92	Human Resources Manager	52.1005	52.0201	52.1001	60.1%
11-9021.00	Construction Manager	14.0101	52.2001	52.0201	70.8%
11-9033.00	College / University Administrator	52.0201	52.1401	11.0701	72.6%
11-9041.00	Engineering Manager	14.0101	14.1901	14.1001	46.0%
11-9051.00	Restaurant / Food Service Manager	52.0201	52.0901	52.0905	57.8%
11-9111.00	Healthcare Administrator	51.3808	52.0201	51	57.1%
11-9141.91	Property / Real Estate / Community Manager	52.0201	52.0301	14.0101	51.6%
11-9199.00	Program Manager	52.0201	14.0101	11.0701	86.0%
13-1021.00	Buyer / Purchasing Agent	52.0201	52.0203	14.0101	53.2%
13-1051.00	Estimator	14.0101	52.2001	52.0201	74.0%
13-1071.91	Recruiter	52.1005	52.0201	52.1001	86.5%
13-1071.92	Human Resources / Labour Relations Specialist	52.1005	52.0201	52.1001	63.8%
13-1111.00	Business / Management Analyst	52.0201	11.0701	52.0801	47.2%
13-1121.00	Event Planner	52.0201	52.1401	9.01	43.9%
13-1151.00	Training and Development Specialist	52.0201	52.1005	13.0501	52.9%
13-1161.00	Marketing Specialist	52.1401	52.0201	9.01	65.9%
13-2011.02	Auditor	52.0301	52.0201	52.0801	61.6%
13-2011.93	Accountant	52.0301	52.0201	52.0801	92.5%
13-2011.94	Account Manager / Representative	52.0201	52.1401	14.0101	73.6%
13-2051.00	Financial Analyst	52.0201	52.0301	52.0801	72.3%
13-2052.00	Personal Financial Advisor	52.0201	52.0801	52.0301	72.2%
13-2072.00	Loan Officer	52.0201	52.0801	52.0301	79.1%
15-1121.00	Systems Analyst	11.0701	52.0201	14.0101	69.9%
15-1122.00	Cyber / Information Security Engineer / Analyst	11.0701	52.0201	14.0101	65.6%
15-1131.00	Software Developer / Engineer	11.0701	14.0101	14.09	41.5%
15-1131.91	Computer Programmer	11.0701	14.0101	14.09	92.6%
15-1133.00	Computer Systems Engineer / Architect	11.0701	14.0101	14.1001	94.1%
15-1134.92	Web Developer	11.0701	14.0101	14.09	70.9%
15-1134.93	UI / UX Designer / Developer	11.0701	52.0201	50.0409	54.9%
15-1141.00	Database Administrator	11.0701	14.0101	52.0201	62.8%
15-1142.00	Network / Systems Administrator	11.0701	11.0103	14.0101	66.8%
15-1151.00	Computer Support Specialist	11.0701	11.0103	14.0101	60.7%
15-1199.01	Software QA Engineer / Tester	11.0701	14.0101	14.09	55.2%
15-1199.02	Network Engineer / Architect	11.0701	14.0101	14.1001	50.7%
15-1199.09	Project Manager	52.0201	14.0101	11.0701	37.3%
15-1199.91	Data / Data Mining Analyst	11.0701	52.0201	27.0501	58.3%
15-1199.93	Business Intelligence Analyst	52.0201	11.0701	27.0501	58.8%
15-1199.95	IT Project Manager	11.0701	52.0201	14.0101	63.1%
17-2051.00	Civil Engineer	14.0801	14.0101	14.39	80.4%
17-2071.00	Electrical Engineer	14.0101	14.1001	14.1901	73.5%
17-2141.00	Mechanical Engineer	14.1901	14.0101	14.1001	65.2%
17-3023.00	Electrical and Electronics Technician	14.1001	14.0101	15	50.1%
17-3027.00	Industrial / Mechanical Engineering Technician	14.1901	14.0101	14.1001	50.4%
21-1014.00	Mental Health / Behavioural Counselor	44.07	42.0101	44.0701	71.3%
21-1021.00	Family / School / General Social Worker	44.0701	44.07	42.0101	40.7%
23-1011.00	Attorney	22.0101	52.0201	52.0801	62.3%
23-2011.00	Paralegal / Legal Assistant	22.0302	52.0201	22.0101	48.9%
25-1199.91	College Professor / Instructor	52.0201	11.0701	14.0101	69.8%
25-2011.00	Preschool / Childcare Teacher	13.121	19.0706	44.07	56.3%
25-2021.00	Elementary School Teacher	13.1001	14.0101	52.0201	86.3%
25-4013.00	Researcher / Research Associate	52.0201	11.0701	14.0101	88.6%
27-1024.00	Graphic Designer / Desktop Publisher	50.0409	9.01	52.1401	59.6%
27-1026.92	Merchandiser / Ad Set Associate	52.0201	52.1401	52.0801	50.0%
27-3031.94	Public Relations / Communications Specialist	9.01	52.1401	9.09	72.7%
29-1051.00	Pharmacist / Pharmacy Director	51.2001	52.0201	51.0805	71.0%
29-1062.00	Physician	51.12	51.2401	51.0401	56.7%
29-1141.00	Registered Nurse	51.3808	51.22	51.2201	61.7%
29-2012.00	Laboratory Technician	51.0802	40.0501	26.0502	45.2%
29-2052.00	Pharmacy Technician	51.0805	51.2001	52.0201	52.0%
29-2061.00	Licensed Practical / Vocational Nurse	51.3808	26.1001	30.1101	71.8%
29-9012.00	Safety Specialist / Co-ordinator	15.0701	51.2206	14.0101	81.3%
31-1011.00	Home Health Aide	51	51.3808	31.0505	66.4%
31-1015.00	Patient Transporter	9.09	14.0801	51.3808	70.8%
31-9095.00	Pharmacy Aide	51.0805	51.2001	11.0701	51.3%
33-1099.00	Loss Prevention / Asset Protection Specialist	43.0107	52.0201	11.0701	45.0%
33-9032.00	Security Officer	52.0201	11.0701	43.0107	49.5%
35-1011.00	Chef	12.0503	52.0901	52.0905	36.1%
35-1012.00	Restaurant / Food Service Supervisor	52.0201	52.0901	14.0101	67.9%
35-2011.00	Cook	12.0503	14.0801	52.0905	93.1%
35-2021.00	Kitchen Staff	12.0503	14.0801	52.0905	52.1%
35-3011.00	Bartender	52.09	52.1401	52.0901	28.6%
35-3021.00	Food Service Team Member	52.0201	14.0801	52.0901	70.5%
35-3031.00	Waiter / Waitress	11.0701	52.0201	52.0901	56.9%
35-9021.00	Dishwasher	52.0901	12.0503	14.0801	66.9%
35-9031.00	Host / Hostess	9.04	9.0401	52.1401	58.2%
37-2011.00	Janitor / Cleaner	14.0101	52.0201	14.0801	59.0%
37-2012.00	Maid / Housekeeping Staff	52.0201	52.0901	52.0905	71.8%
37-3011.00	Landscaping / Groundskeeping Worker	1.0601	1.1201	1.1102	83.1%
39-5012.00	Barber / Hair Stylist / Cosmetologist	12.0401	50.0407	52.0201	42.9%
39-9011.01	Nanny / Babysitter	13.121	44.07	19.0706	48.7%
39-9021.00	Caregiver / Personal Care Aide	51.3808	51	44.07	36.2%
39-9031.00	Personal Trainer / Fitness Instructor	31.0505	26.0908	51.12	28.2%
39-9032.00	Recreation / Activities Worker	30.1101	31.0505	51.2309	87.1%
41-1011.00	Retail Store Manager / Supervisor	52.0201	52.1401	14.0101	82.0%
41-1012.00	Sales Supervisor	52.0201	52.1401	14.0101	60.5%
41-2011.00	Cashier	52.0201	52.0301	14.0101	55.6%
41-2022.00	Parts Specialist / Salesperson	52.0201	15.0803	52.0203	79.7%
41-2031.00	Retail Sales Associate	52.0201	52.1401	52.0801	85.0%
41-3021.00	Insurance Sales Agent	52.0201	14.1901	52.0801	91.7%
41-3031.00	Financial Services Sales Agent	52.0201	52.0801	52.0301	15.6%
41-4011.00	Sales Representative	52.0201	52.1401	14.0101	35.0%
41-4011.92	Technical Sales Representative	14.0101	52.0201	14.1901	35.8%
41-9011.00	Product Demonstrator	52.0201	52.1401	11.0701	75.3%
41-9021.00	Real Estate Agent / Broker	52.0201	45.0601	52.0801	31.4%
41-9099.91	Sales Assistant	52.0201	52.1401	52.0801	17.8%
43-1011.91	Office Manager	52.0201	52.0301	11.0701	49.9%
43-1011.92	Customer Service Manager	52.0201	52.1401	11.0701	47.6%
43-3031.00	Bookkeeper / Accounting Clerk	52.0301	52.0201	52.0801	47.2%
43-3051.00	Payroll Specialist	52.0301	52.0201	52.0801	64.0%
43-4051.00	Customer Service Representative	52.0201	52.1401	11.0701	42.0%
43-4081.00	Hotel Desk Clerk	52.0901	52.0201	52.09	38.5%
43-4171.00	Receptionist	52.0201	52.0301	9.01	72.3%
43-5031.00	Dispatcher	9.01	9.09	9.04	62.0%
43-5061.00	Scheduler / Operations Co-ordinator	52.0201	14.0101	52.0203	58.6%
43-5071.00	Shipping / Receiving Clerk	52.0201	52.0203	52.1401	58.8%
43-5081.00	Inventory Associate	52.0201	52.0203	52.0301	32.3%
43-5081.01	Stocking Clerk / Sales Floor Support	52.0201	52.1401	13.121	61.8%
43-5081.04	Order Processor / Order Entry Clerk	52.0201	13.121	52.0301	63.8%
43-6011.91	Executive Assistant	52.0201	44.0401	44.04	73.7%
43-6011.92	Account Executive	52.0201	52.1401	14.0101	62.2%
43-6013.00	Medical Secretary	52.0201	51.3808	51	45.4%
43-6014.00	Office / Administrative Assistant	52.0201	52.0301	44.0401	54.6%
43-9021.00	Data Entry Clerk	52.0201	52.0301	11.0701	48.0%
43-9051.00	Postal Service / Mail Room Worker	52.0201	11.0701	52.1401	68.4%
45-2092.00	Farm / Nursery / Greenhouse Worker	1.0601	1	1.1101	42.5%
47-1011.00	Construction Foreman	14.0101	52.2001	14.1901	43.0%
47-2031.00	Carpenter	52.0201	14.0101	14.0801	53.5%
47-2061.00	Construction Helper / Worker	14.0101	14.0801	52.2001	55.1%
47-2111.00	Electrician	14.1001	14.0101	15.04	57.5%
47-2141.00	Painter	50.0404	14.0201	14.1901	84.7%
49-1011.00	Maintenance / Service Supervisor	14.0101	14.1901	52.0201	78.1%
49-3021.00	Auto Body Technician	14.1901	14.0101	51	36.2%
49-3023.00	Automotive Service Technician / Mechanic	14.1901	14.0101	52.0201	36.2%
49-3031.00	Diesel Mechanic	14.1901	14.0101	15.0614	48.3%
49-3042.00	Heavy Equipment Mechanic	14.1901	14.1001	14.0101	49.9%
49-9021.00	HVAC Mechanic / Installer	14.0101	14.1901	14.1001	27.5%
49-9041.00	Industrial Mechanic	14.1901	14.0101	14.1001	49.7%
49-9044.00	Millwright	14.1901	14.0101	14.1001	43.2%
49-9071.91	Building and General Maintenance Technician	14.0101	14.1901	14.1001	28.1%
49-9099.00	Repair / Service Technician	14.0101	11.0701	14.1001	18.8%
51-1011.91	Production Supervisor	14.0101	52.0201	14.1901	55.8%
51-1011.92	Production Plant Manager	14.0101	52.0201	14.1901	65.2%
51-3011.00	Baker	12.0503	14.0801	52.0901	62.1%
51-3021.00	Butcher / Meat Cutter	12.0503	52.0201	52.0301	76.0%
51-4041.00	Machinist	14.1901	14.0101	15	23.0%
51-4121.00	Welder / Solderer	15.0614	14.0101	14.1901	41.1%
51-9012.92	Manufacturing Machine Operator	14.0101	14.1901	11.0701	31.0%
51-9061.00	Quality Inspector / Technician	14.0101	11.0701	14.1901	37.8%
51-9199.00	Production Worker	14.0101	14.1901	52.0201	36.5%
53-3021.00	Bus Driver	52.0201	52.1401	52.1005	36.8%
53-3031.00	Sales Delivery Driver	11.0701	52.0201	14.0101	30.9%
53-3032.00	Tractor-Trailer Truck Driver	52.0201	14.0101	11.0701	46.5%
53-3033.00	Light Truck Delivery Driver	11.0701	52.0201	14.0101	26.0%
53-7051.00	Forklift / Pallet Jack Operator	14.1901	15.0614	14.0101	42.4%
53-7062.00	Labourer / Warehouse Worker	52.0201	52.0203	1.0601	43.0%
53-7064.00	Packager	11.0701	14.09	14.1901	45.3%
Source: OECD calculations based on Lightcast data.

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