Abbreviations and acronyms

The main abbreviations and acronyms used in the report are listed below.

AIR

American Institutes for Research

ANQ

National Agency for Qualification (Agência Nacional para a Qualificação),

ANQEP

National Agency of Qualification and Vocational Education and Training (Agência Nacional para a Qualificação e o Ensino Profissional)

BA

Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur für Arbeit)

BBiG

Federal Law for Vocational Education and Training (Berufsbildungsgesetzes)

BDA

Federal Association of German Employers’ Associations (Bundesvereinigung der Deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände)

BDI

Federal Association of German Industry (Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie)

BfB

Federal Association of Free Vocations (Bundesverband Freier Berufe)

BIBB

Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung)

BMAS

Federal Ministry for Labour and Social Affairs (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales)

BMBF

Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung)

BMWi

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie)

CDU

Christian Democratic Union (Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands)

CSU

Christian Social Union in Bavaria (Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern)

Cedefop

European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training

CMEs

Co-ordinated market economies

CNQ

National Catalogue of Qualifications (Catálogo Nacional de Qualificações)

DEEC

Department of Early Education and Care

DESE

Department of Elementary and Secondary Education

DGB

German Trade Union Confederation (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund)

DIHK

Association of German Chambers of Commerce and Industry (Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag)

ECTS

European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System

ECVET

European Credit System for Vocational Education and Training

EHIS

Estonian Education Information System (Eesti hariduse infosüsteem)

EIS

Examination Information System (Eksamite infosüsteem)

ELA

English Language Arts

EQ

Preparatory traineeship (Einstiegsqualifizierung)

ESSA

Every Student Succeeds Act

ETIS

Estonian Research Portal

EWII

Early Warning Indicator Index

EWIS

Early Warning Indicator System

FDP

Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei)

GILL

Gyeonggi Provincial Institute for Lifelong Learning (경기도평생교육진흥원)

GNLC

Global Network of Learning Cities

HITSA

Information Technology Foundation for Education (Hariduse Infotehnoloogia Sihtasutus)

HRD

Human Resource Development Service of Korea (한국산업인력공단)

HRK

Conference of University Rectors (Hochschulrektorenkonferenz)

HwO

Trade and Crafts Code (Handwerksordnung)

IAB

Institute for Employment Research (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung)

ICT

Information and communications technology

IEFP

Institute for Employment and Vocational Training (Instituto do Emprego e Formação Profissional)

IG

Industrial Union (Industriegewerkschaft)

KEDI

Korean Educational Development Institute (한국교육개발원)

KLI

Korean Labour Institute (한국노동연구원)

KMK

Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder (Kultusministerkonferenz)

KORCHAM

Korean Chamber of Commerce (대한상공회의소)

KRIVET

Korean Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (한국직업능력개발원)

KSQA

Korean Skills Quality Authority (직업심사능력평가원 )

LMEs

Liberal Market Economies

LO

Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Landsorganisasjonen i Norge)

MASCA

Massachusetts School Counsellors Association

MCAS

Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System

MERA

Massachusetts Education Reform Act

NAEP

National Assessment of Educational Progress

NAV

Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (Nye arbeids- og velferdsetaten)

NCLB

No Child Left Behind Act

NEET

Not in Education, Employment or Training

NGO

Non-governmental organisation

NHO

Confederation of Norwegian Enterprises (Norwegian Næringslivets Hovedorganisasjon)

NILE

National Institute for Lifelong Education (국가평생교육진흥원)

NPM

New public management

ÕIS

Study Information System (Õppeinfosüsteem)

PIAAC

Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competences

PISA

Programme for International Student Assessment

POCH

Human Capital Operational Programme (Programa Operacional Capital Humano)

POISE

Operational Programme for Social Inclusion and Employment (Programa Operacional Inclusão Social e Emprego)

QNQ

National Qualifications Framework (Quadro Nacional de Qualificações)

RTK

State Support Service Center (Riigi Tugiteenuste Keskus)

SAIS

Admission Information System (SisseAstumise InfoSüsteem)

SANQ

Qualification Needs Anticipation System (Sistema de Antecipação de Necessidades de Qualificações)

SCS

Student course schedule

SER

Socio-Economic Council

SIMS

Student Information Management System

SLDS

Statewide Longitudinal Data Systems

SNQ

National Qualifications System (Sistema Nacional de Qualificações)

SPD

Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands)

SSDR

School Safety Discipline Report

TBU

Norwegian Technical Calculation Committee for Wage Settlements (Teknisk beregningsutvalg for inntektsoppgjørene)

UNIO

Confederation of Unions for Professionals (Utdanningsgruppenes Hovedorganisasjon)

VET

Vocational education and training

Virke

Enterprise Federation of Norway

VoC

Varieties of capitalism

VOFO

Norwegian Association for Adult Learning (Voksenopplæringsforbundet)

VOX

Norwegian Agency for Lifelong Learning (Nasjonalt senter for læring i arbeidslivet)

YS

Confederation of Vocational Unions (Yrkesorganisasjonenes Sentralforbund)

ZDH

Central Association of the German Confederation of Skilled Crafts (Zentralverband des Deutschen Handwerks)