Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acatech

National Academy of Science and Engineering

AI

Artificial intelligence

AiF

German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen „Otto von Guericke“)

ANSI

American National Standards Institute

BAM

Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing

BERD

Business expenditure on research and development

BMAS

Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs

BMBF

Federal Ministry of Education and Research

BMDV

Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport

BMEL

Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture

BMFT

Federal Ministry for Research and Technology

BMI

Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community

BMVg

Federal Ministry of Defence

BMWK

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action

BMWi

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy

CAGR

Compound annual growth rate

CCA

Climate Change Act

CERN

European Organization for Nuclear Research

CNIPA

China National Intellectual Property Administration

CNRS

French National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique)

DAkks

German Accreditation Body (Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH)

DARPA

U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

DFG

German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft)

DKE

German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies

DSL

Digital subscriber line technology

DZHW

German Centre for Higher Education Research and Studies (Deutsche Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung)

EFI

Commission of Experts for Research and Innovation (Expertenkommission Forschung und Innovation)

EIB

European Investment Bank

EIF

European Investment Fund

EMBL

European Molecular Biology Laboratory

EPO

European Patent Office

ERP

European Recovery Programme

ESOP

Employee stock ownership option plans

EUR

Euro

EXIST

EXIST - University-Based Business Start-Ups (Existenzgründungen aus der Wissenschaft) support programme

FhG

Fraunhofer Society

FTE

Full-time employment

GBARD

Government budget allocations for research and development

GRBARD

Government real budget allocations for research and development

GDP

Gross domestic product

GDR

German Democratic Republic

GERD

Gross expenditure on research and development

GHG

Greenhouse gas emissions

GNI

Gross national income

GWK

Joint Science Conference (Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz)

HEI

Higher education institution

HTGF

High-Tech Founders Fund (High-Tech Gründerfonds)

HTS

High-Tech Strategy

ICT

Information and communication technology

IGF

Industrial Collective Research (Industrielle Gemeinschaftsforschung)

IGP

Innovation Program for Business Models and Pioneering Solutions (Innovationsprogramm für Geschäftsmodelle und Pionierlösungen)

INVEST

Invest – Grant for Venture Capital (Zuschuss für Wagniskapital)

IPCEI

Important Project of Common European Interest

IT

Information technology

ITF

International Transport Forum

JPO

Japan Patent Office

KATS

Korean Agency for Technology and Standards

KPO

Korean Patent Office

KSA

Korea Standards Association

Mbps

Megabits per second

ML

Machine learning

PCT

Patent Cooperation Treaty

PIAAC

OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies

PPP

Purchasing power parity

PPP

Public-private partnership

PRO

Public research organisation

RTA

Revealed technological advantage

PTB

National Metrology Institute of Germany (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt)

R&I

Research and innovation

REEs

Rare earth elements

RRF

Recovery and Resilience Facility of the European Union

SME

Small and medium-sized enterprise

SPRIND

Federal Agency for Disruptive Innovation (Agentur für Sprunginnovationen)

STI

Science, technology and innovation

SWOT

Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

TNO

Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

TTO

Technology transfer office

TU

Technical university

USD

United States dollar

USPTO

United States Patent and Trademark Office

VC

Venture capital

VDE

Association for Electrical, Electronics & Information Technologies (Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik)

VET

Vocational education and training

VTT

Technical Research Centre of Finland

WGL

Leibniz Association (Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz)

ZEW

Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research

ZIM

Central Innovation Programme for SMEs (Zentrales Innovationsprogramm Mittelstand)

ZLS

Central Authority of the Federal States for Safety Engineering (Zentralstelle der Länder für Sicherheitstechnik)