Acronyms and abbreviations

ABMI

Asian Bond Market Initiative

ACRAA

Association of Credit Rating Agencies in Asia

AFC

Asian Financial Crisis

AFI

Alliance for Financial Inclusion

AI

Artificial intelligence

APVAX

Asia Pacific Vaccine Access facility

ARC

African Risk Capacity

ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEAN-5

Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam

ASEAN+3

ASEAN-10 countries plus China, Japan and Korea

ASEAN WC-FINC

ASEAN Working Committee on Financial Inclusion

ATMs

Automated teller machines

BIS

Bank for International Settlements

BND

Brunei dollars

BSP

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

CBI

Climate Bonds Initiative

CCRIF

Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility

CDB

Caribbean Development Bank

CEPI

Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

CGIF

Credit Guarantee and Investment Facility

CIPFA

Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy

CLM

Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar

COVAX

COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access facility

CPI

Consumer Price Index

CSE

Cambodia Securities Exchange

DSSI

Debt Service Suspension Initiative

DTI

Debt-to-income

ECB

European Central Bank

EIB

European Investment Bank

EMEAP

Executives’ Meeting of East Asia-Pacific Central Banks

ESG

Environmental, Social and Governance

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

FEPA

Financial Education Programme for Adults

FET

Fast and Easy Testing

FinTech

Financial technology

GBP

Green Bond Principles

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GFC

Global Financial Crisis

GPS

Global Positioning System

ICC

International Chamber of Commerce

ICMA

International Capital Market Association

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

ICU

Intensive Care Unit

IDR

Indonesian rupiah

IFC

International Finance Corporation

ILO

International Labour Organization

ILS

Insurance-linked securities

IMF

International Monetary Fund

INR

Indian rupee

IRDAI

Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India

JPY

Japanese yen

KHR

Cambodian riel

KPI

Key performance indicator

LIBOR

London Interbank Offered Rate

LTV

Loan-to-value

MAS

Monetary Authority of Singapore

MDBs

Multilateral development banks

MLI

Multilateral lending institution

MMK

Myanmar kyat

mRNA

Messenger ribonucleic acid

MSMEs

Micro, small and medium enterprises

MTI

Ministry of Trade and Industry

MYR

Malaysian ringgit

NEER

Nominal Effective Exchange Rate

NNT

National News Bureau of Thailand

NPIs

Non-pharmaceutical interventions

NPV

Net present value

NSFE

National Strategy for Financial Education

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

PBOC

People’s Bank of China

PCDIP

Philippine City Disaster Insurance Pool

PCRAFI

Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative

PEF

Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility

PHP

Philippine peso

PMI

Purchasing Managers’ Index

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

PSA

Philippine Statistics Authority

QR

Quick Response

RBF

Reserve Bank of Fiji

RBI

Reserve Bank of India

RMB

Chinese renminbi

RT-PCR

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SBP

Social Bond Principles

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals

SEADRIF

Southeast Asia Disaster Risk Insurance Facility

SEBI

Securities and Exchange Board of India

SFWG

Sustainable Finance Working Group

SMEs

Small and medium-sized enterprises

SPV

Special-purpose vehicle

TAT

Tourism Authority of Thailand

TCFD

Taskforce for Climate-related Financial Disclosures

TFCA

United States Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act

THB

Thai baht

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

UNESCAP

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

UNICEF

United Nations Children’s Fund

USD

US dollars

VAT

Value added tax

VND

Vietnamese dong

WHO

World Health Organization

WISE

Womenpreneur Indonesia for Sustainability & Empowerment

WRI

World Resources Institute