Acronyms and abbreviations

Table 1. Acronyms
AI	Artificial Intelligence
API	Application Programming Interfaces
APO	Asian Productivity Organization
B2B	Business to Business
BDI	Baltic Dry index
BEA	US Bureau Of Economic Analysis
BEIS	UK Department for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy
BERD	Business Research and Development Expenditure
BOW-GTFP	Banking on Women Global Trade Finance Programme
CC	Cloud Computing
CCS	Cultural and Creative Sectors
CE	Circular Economy
CEO	Chief Executive Officer
CEPR	Centre for Economic Policy Research
CIIP	Canada’s International Innovation Programme
CIS	Community Innovation Survey
COVID-19	Coronavirus Disease 2019
CPI	Consumer Price Index
CRM	CRM Customer Relationship Management
CSM	Supply Chain Management
CSR	Corporate Social Responsibility
D4SME	OECD Digital for SMEs Global Initiative
DIH	Digital Innovation Hubs
DSA	Digital Service Act
EBC	European Banking Committee
EC	European Commission
ECB	European Central Bank
ECCP	European Cluster Collaboration Platform
EDC	Export Development Canada
ENISA	European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
EPR	Extended Producer Responsibility
ERBD	European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ESG	Environmental, Social and Governance
ETS	Emissions Trading System
EU	European Union
EUIPO	European Union Intellectual Property Office
FDI	Foreign Direct Investment
Fintech	Financial Technology
FOBS	Future of Business Survey
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
GDPR	EU General Data Regulation
GEM	Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
GEPU	Global Economic and Policy Uncertainties Index
GSCPI	Global Supply Chain Pressures Index
GTAGA	Global Trade and Gender Arrangement
GVC	Global Value chain
HEI	Higher Education Institutions
HRM	Human Resource Management
ICIO	Inter Country Input-Output Tables
ICT	Information and Communication Technologies
IEA	International Energy Agency
ILO	International Labour Organisation
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IMO	International Maritime Organisation
IoT	Internet of Things
IP	Intellectual Property
IPR	Intellectual Property Rights
IRENA	International Renewable Energy Agency
ISI	Innovation Superclusters Initiative
IT	Information Technology
KIBS	Knowledge and Innovation Business Services
KTP	Knowledge Transfer Partnership
MEP	Manufacturing Extension Partnership
MNE	Multinational Enterprise
MSME	Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
NAAS	Network as a Service
NIST	National Institute of Standards and Technology
NZTE	New Zealand Export Promotion Agency
OWIT	Organization for Women in Trade
PIAAC	International Assessment of Adult Competencies
PME	Petite et Moyenne Entreprise
PMI	Purchase Manager Index
PPP	Purchasing Power Parity
R&D	Research and Development
RBC	Responsible Business Conduct
RTO	Research and Technology Organization
S&T	Science and Technology
SAFE	Survey on Access to Finance of Enterprises
SBDC	Small Business Development Centres Programme
SDBS	Structural and Demographic Business Statistics
SES	European Structure of Earnings Survey
SMBs	Small and Medium-sized Business
SME	Small and Medium-sized Enterprise
SME&E	Small and Medium-sized Enterprise and Entrepreneur
STEM	Science, Technology Engineering and Mathematics
TCS	Trade Commissioner Service
TEC	Trade by Enterprise Characteristics
TFI	Trade Facilitation Indicators
UNCTAD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNEP	United Nations Environment Programme
UNIDO	United Nations Industrial Development Organization
USD	United States Dollar
USPTO	United Stated Patent and Trademark Office
UTSA	University of Texas in San Antonio
VC	Venture Capital
VPN	Virtual Private Network
WB	World Bank
WEF	World Economic Forum
WHO	World Health Organisation
WTO	World Trade Organization

Table 2. Country abbreviations and national currency (ISO codes)
ARG	Argentina	Argentine peso	ARS
AUS	Australia	Australian dollar	AUD
AUT	Austria	Euro	EUR
BEL	Belgium	Euro	EUR
BRA	Brazil	Brazilian real	BRL
CAN	Canada	Canadian dollar	CAD
CHE	Switzerland	Franc	CHF
CHL	Chile	Chilean peso	CLP
CHN	People’s Republic of China	Yuan renminbi	CNY
CIR	Costa Rica	Colón	CRC
COL	Colombia	Colombian peso	COP
CZE	Czech Republic	Koruna	CZK
DEU	Germany	Euro	EUR
DNK	Denmark	Krone	DKK
ESP	Spain	Euro	EUR
EST	Estonia	Estonian kroon	EEK
EU	European Union	Euro	EUR
FIN	Finland	Euro	EUR
FRA	France	Euro	EUR
GBR	United Kingdom	British pound	GBP
GRC	Greece	Euro	EUR
HUN	Hungary	Forint	HUF
IDN	Indonesia	Rupiah	IDR
IRL	Ireland	Euro	EUR
ISL	Iceland	Króna	ISK
ISR	Israel	New Israeli sheqel	ILS
ITA	Italy	Euro	EUR
JPN	Japan	Yen	JPY
KOR	Korea	Won	KRW
LTU	Lithuania	Lithuanian litas	LTL
LUX	Luxembourg	Euro	EUR
LVA	Latvia	Latvian lat	LVL
MEX	Mexico	Mexican peso	MXN
NLD	Netherlands	Euro	EUR
NOR	Norway	Krone	NOK
NZL	New Zealand	New Zealand dollar	NZD
POL	Poland	Zloty	PLN
PRT	Portugal	Euro	EUR
ROU	Romania	Romanian leu	RON
RUS	Russian Federation	New Russian ruble	RUB
SVK	Slovak Republic	Koruna	SKK
SVN	Slovenia	Euro	EUR
SWE	Sweden	Krona	SEK
TUR	Turkey	Turkish lira	TRY
USA	United States	United States dollar	USD
ZAF	South Africa	South African rand	ZAR

Country groupings

BRIICS

Brazil, Russian Federation, India, Indonesia, People’s Republic of China, South Africa.

EU27

European Union (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden).

G20

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union.

OECD

Total OECD 38 member countries (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States).